Neural crest derivatives

For the synthesis of drosopterin, tetrahydrobiopterin, sepiapterin, 7-oxopterin and isoxanthopterin, DHN-TP is first converted to the common intermediate 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin. The biosynthesis of pteridines was studied in zebrafish in relation with the differentiation of neural crest derivatives. The key intermediate in the synthesis of 7-oxobiopterin is the sepiapterin. Pteridins are produced in xanthophores and erythrophores of fish and amphibian species. 

Porter, S. )., and Meyer, C. J. (1994). A distal tyrosinase upstream element stimulates gene expression in neural-crest-derived melanocytes of transgenic mice position-independent and mosaic expression. Development 120 2103-2111. 

Ishii M, Merrill AE, Chan YS, Gitelman I, Rice DPC, Sucov HM and Maxson RE Jr (2003) Msx2 and Twist cooperatively control the development of the neural crest-derived skeletogenic mesenchyme of the murine skull vault. Development 130 6131-6142. 

The effect of clioquinol-metal chelates has been tested on neural crest-derived melanoma cells (6). The effect of clioquinol chelates on cells was further studied by electron microscopy and by a mitochondrial potential-sensitive fluorescent dye. Of the ions tested, only clioquinol-zinc chelate was cytotoxic. This cytotoxicity was extremely rapid, suggesting that its primary effect was on the mitochondria, and electron microscopic analysis showed that the chelate caused mitochondrial damage. This was further confirmed by the observation that the chelate reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. The phenomenon of cUoquinol-mediated toxicity appeared to be specific to zinc and was not seen with other metals tested. Since clioquinol causes increased systemic absorption of zinc, it is likely that clioquinol-zinc chelate was present in appreciable concentrations in patients with SMON and may have been the causative toxin. 

Substance 11 Neural crest-derived cells, sensory C fibers Nociception Vasoconstriction (local effect) Mediates immune response to inflammation )... 

Peripheral PNETs are intensely immunoreactive with MIC2 (Fig. 20.40) and NSE. Sites of occurrence of pPNET include neural crest derivatives, gonads, chest wall, bone including vertebral column, cranial vault, and cauda equina.Peripheral PNETs are highly aggressive. They recur locally and metastasize to specihc organs. 

Msx2 is expressed in both the mesodermal and neural crest-derived mesenchymal cell populations that give rise to the skull vault (Jabs et al., 1993). It is also expressed in the dura, a membrane that lies between the brain and the skull vault. At later stages Msx2 is expressed in osteogenic cells within the suture (Liu et al., 1999 Rice et al., 2000). 

Creuzet, S., Couly, G., Vincent, C., Le Douarin, N.M. 2002. Negative effect of Hox gene expression on the development of the neural crest-derived facial skeleton. Development 129, 4301 1313. 

Cserjesi, P., Brown, D., Lyons, G.E., Olson, E.N. 1995. Expression of the novel basic helix-loop-helix gene eHAND in neural crest derivatives and extraembryonic membranes during mouse development. Dev. Biol. 170, 664-678. 

Thomas, T., Kurihara, H., Yamagishi, H., Kurihara, Y., Yazaki, Y., Olson, E.N., Srivastava, D. 1998b. A signaling cascade involving endothelin-1, dHAND and msxl regulates development of neural-crest-derived branchial arch mesenchyme. Development 125, 3005-3014. 

Fig. 2. Neural Crest Derivatives. The neural crest is a pluripotent migratory population derived from the dorsal neural tube that gives rise to an extraordinary number of diverse cell and tissue types. (See Color Insert.)...

Manley, N., Capecchi, M. 1997. Hox group 3 paralogous genes act synergistically in the formation of somitic and neural crest-derived structures. Dev. Biol. 192, 274-288. 

Neurofilament CNS and PNS neurons Neural crest derivatives Pheochromcytoma Neuroblastoma... 

It is these exceptions which suggest that there are regional differences in the composition of the crest along its rostral-caudal axis. The cephalic regions of the crest appear to have the potential to give rise to all neural crest derivatives, whereas the trunk crest is restricted to PNS and melanocytic derivatives. This restriction may apply only after a particular developmental stage, as Lumsden has found that trunk neural crest cells from the mouse can participate in tooth formation when combined with mandibular epithelium (Lumsden, 1987,... 

Anderson, D.J. and Axel, R. (1985) Molecular probes for the development and plasticity of neural crest derivatives. Cell 42, 649-662. 

Ciment, G., Glimelius, B., Nelson, D.M. and Weston, J.A. (1986) Reversal of a developmental restriction of neural crest-derived cells of avian embryos by a phorbol ester drug. Dev. Biol 118 392-398. 

Doupe, A.J., Patterson, P.H. and Landis, S.C. (1985a) Environmental influences in the development of neural crest derivatives glucocorticoids, growth factors and chromaffin cell plasticity. J. Neurosci. 5 2119-2142. 

Morrison-Graham, K, and Weston, J.A. (1993) Transient Steel factor dependence by neural crest-derived melanocyte precursors. Dev. Biol. 159 346-352. 

Stocker, K.M., Sherman, L., Rees, S. and Ciment, G. (1991) Basic FGF and TGF-beta 1 influence commitment to melanogenesis in neural crest-derived cells of avian embryos. Development 111 635-645. 

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