Neural crest

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is an important biogenic amine, which is synthesized via 5-hydroxy-tryptophan from the amino acid tryptophan. The highest concentration of serotonin occurs in the wall of the intestine. About 90% of the total amount is present in enterochromaffrn cells, which are derived from the neural crest, similarly to those of the adrenal medulla. 

Jiang X, Rowitch DH, Soriano P, McMahon AP, Sucov HM (2000) Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest. Development 127 1607-1616... 

For the synthesis of drosopterin, tetrahydrobiopterin, sepiapterin, 7-oxopterin and isoxanthopterin, DHN-TP is first converted to the common intermediate 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin. The biosynthesis of pteridines was studied in zebrafish in relation with the differentiation of neural crest derivatives. The key intermediate in the synthesis of 7-oxobiopterin is the sepiapterin. Pteridins are produced in xanthophores and erythrophores of fish and amphibian species. 

Ziegler, L, The pteridine pathway in zebrafish regulation and specification during the determination of neural crest cell-fate, Pigment. Cell Res., 16, 172, 2003. 

The origin of the nervous tissue which comprises the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ is in the anterior neural crest, from which the anterior neurogenic placode appears at the rostral tip (Fig. 4.1). 

The majority of analyses on neural crest cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation have been carried out in avian and amphibian embryos because of the relative ease of experimental manipulation (see Le Douarin, 1982). These experiments demonstrated that pigment cells arise from the neural crest. When pieces of neural folds were grafted to the... 

Huszar, D Sharpe, A., and Jaenisch, R. (1991a). Migration and proliferation of cultured neural crest cells in W mutant neural crest chimeras. Development 112 131-141. 

Jaenisch, R. (1985). Mammalian neural crest cells participate in normal embryonic development on microinjection into postimplantation embryos. Nature 318 181— 183. 

LeDouarin, N. (1982). The Neural Crest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

Porter, S. )., and Meyer, C. J. (1994). A distal tyrosinase upstream element stimulates gene expression in neural-crest-derived melanocytes of transgenic mice position-independent and mosaic expression. Development 120 2103-2111. 

Rawles, M. E. (1947). Origin of pigment cells from the neural crest in the mouse embryo. Physiol. Zool. 20 248-266. 

Serbedzija, G. N., Fraser, S. E., and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1990). Pathways of trunk neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labelling. Development 108 605-612. 

Adrenal medulla. Derived from neural crest tissue, the adrenal medulla forms the inner portion of the adrenal gland. It is the site of production of the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which serve as a circulating counterpart to the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, released directly from sympathetic neurons to the tissues. As such, the adrenal medulla and its hormonal products play an important role in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This is fully discussed in Chapter 9, which deals with the autonomic nervous system. 

Haselbeck RJ, Duester G. ADH4-lacZ transgenic mouse reveals alcohol dehydrogenase localization in embryonic mid-brain/hindbrain, otic vesicles, and mesencephalic, trigeminal, facial, and olfactory neural crest. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998 22 1607-1613. 

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play critical roles in all facets of nervous system development and maintenance. Important phenomena in which CAMs are involved include initial formation of the neural tube and the neural crest, migration of all neurons and glial cells, axonal outgrowth and guidance, target selection, synaptic stabilization and plasticity, myelination and nerve regeneration after injury (see Chs 4,24,28-30 and 53). Adhesion molecules interact with each other and with nonadhesive cell-surface and/or cytoplasmic molecules, and, in the two... 

Monier-Gavell, F. and Duban, J.-L. Cross talk between adhesion molecules control of N-cadherin activity by intracellular signals elicited by 01 and 03 integrins in migrating neural crest cells./. Cell Biol. 137 1663-1681,1997. 

Ganglionic nicotinic receptors are found on postsynaptic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and in the adrenal gland. Ganglionic nicotinic receptors appear in tissues of neural crest embryonic origin and exhibit identical properties in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. 

The neural crest lineage is progressively restricted to specific sublineages 449... 

Environmental factors control lineage decisions of neural crest cells 449... 

Environmental factors control lineage decisions of neural crest cells. Several experimental approaches have shown that environmental factors are critical in determining neurotransmitter phenotype by altering existing cell properties and not by selecting different hypothetical subpopulations of NC cells. For example, during normal... 

Uncommitted Migration Committed Terminally-differentiated Neural Crest Cell Determination Progenitors Derivatives... 

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