Measured depth

In preparation for a field wide quick look correlation, all well logs need to be corrected for borehole inclination. This is done routinely with software which uses the measured depth below the derrick floor ( alonghole depth below derrick floor AHBDFor measured depth , MD) and the acquired directional surveys to calculate the true vertical depth subsea (TVSS). This is the vertical distance of a point below a common reference level, for instance chart datum (CD) or mean sea level (MSL). Figure 5.41 shows the relationship between the different depth measurements. 

The component of the relative measuring error of crack depth measuring is calculated because real parameter p is replaced by its limit value ... 

Depth measurement possibility on complex-contour parts (in the corners, grooves etc.) by training the device in the dialog mode on control items with certain depth cracks... 

Cracks depth measurement in the airframe, lending gear, turbine blades etc. 

Cracks depth measurement in billets for determining their use possibility for further machining. 

Cracks depth measurement in pipe - lines, boilers, rotor duct, on turbines blades, in tread rings, welds etc. 

The distribution of impurities over a flat sihcon surface can be measured by autoradiography or by scanning the surface using any of the methods appropriate for trace impurity detection (see Trace and residue analysis). Depth measurements can be made by combining any of the above measurements with the repeated removal of thin layers of sihcon, either by wet etching, plasma etching, or sputtering. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that the material removal method does not contaminate the sihcon surface. 

As in RBS analysis, ERS can provide information on the atomic concentration of hydrogen as a function of depth (measured in atoms/cm ). This is derived from the height Aobs°f ERS spectrum (counts per channel), at energies corresponding to particular depths within the sample (see Figure 3c). For a sample consisting of H and another material X, with composition the spectrum height... 

The secret is to build a primary that is aspheric to get the desirable optical properties of these designs while keeping the segments as close as possible to a shape that is spherical or can be polished almost as easily as a sphere such as a toroid, a surface with two constant radii. To study this idea further, consider a mirror that is a parabola of revolution. We use a parabola because the more realistic hyperboloid is only a few percent different from the parabola but the equations are simpler and thus give more insight into the real issues of fabrication. The sagitta, or sag, of a parabola is its depth measured along a diameter with respect to its vertex, or... 

Fig. 32—The hardness of the DLC films as a function of indentation depth measured with a Nano Indenter XP system using CSM Technique.

As a final application of the profiling technique, the sensor for large depth measurements described in Section 2.4.2.5 was used to resolve multi-layer polymer coatings on concrete samples. Such coatings are used to protect concrete from degradation and corrosion. They are applied to the concrete surface to reduce the porosity in the upper first millimeters to prevent the penetration of water and... 

The diffusion coefficients in Table II can be compared with penetration depths measured by XPS profiling through the relationship (9),... 

King, M. D., B. M. Herman, and J. A. Reagan, 1978. Aerosol size distributions obtained by inversion of spectral optical depth measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2153-2167. 

Depth scale calibration of an SIMS depth profile requires the determination of the sputter rate used for the analysis from the crater depth measurement. An analytical technique for depth scale calibration of SIMS depth profiles via an online crater depth measurement was developed by De Chambost and co-workers.103 The authors proposed an in situ crater depth measurement system based on a heterodyne laser interferometer mounted onto the CAMECA IMS Wf instrument. It was demonstrated that crater depths can be measured from the nm to p,m range with accuracy better than 5 % in different matrices whereas the reproducibility was determined as 1 %.103 SIMS depth profiling of CdTe based solar cells (with the CdTe/CdS/TCO structure) is utilized for growing studies of several matrix elements and impurities (Br, F, Na, Si, Sn, In, O, Cl, S and ) on sapphire substrates.104 The Sn02 layer was found to play an important role in preventing the diffusion of indium from the indium containing TCO layer. 

Figure 2.5. Changes in soil characteristics with depth in the soil profile. Depth measured in feet. Adapted from Ahlrichs (1972) by courtesy of Marcel Dekker Inc.

According to the purpose of the measurement, we may take results expressed in measuring depth, reflecting the wearability of a material, or expressed in Mohs hardness units. The possibility of converting from depth measurement to H0 hardness classes conforming to the Mohs scale, consistent with Vickers hardness (Fig. 4.4.11), may provoke some reservations. For this reason, therefore, A. Szymanski and J. M. Szymanski (1976) tried... 

Taking as constant the air pressure blowing the sand, the grain-size and volume of sand, and also the registered depths of indentation and the radius of curvature of the bottom, we proceeded to determine the new value of Mackensen s abrasiveness, being the corrected indentation depth. The true volume of the hole was checked for depth measurement h < 3 mm,... 

UV-B spectral global irradiance and total ozone direct sun measurements carried out at Lisbon during 1990 with a MARK 11 Brewer ozone spectrophotometer and with clear-sky conditions were used for comparison at several zenith angles, total ozone and aerosol conditions. However, because aerosol optical depth measurements were not available at this time it was decided to use T5oo=0.0 for the model input. The results of the Model/Brewer ratios for global spectral irradiances are shown in Figure 5. The results are similar and consistent with the earlier LOWTRAN 7 (6) comparison, where the ratio approaches to unity as the wavelength increases,... 

Figure 8. Top Frame Time series of the SAGE II (0.385 pm -1.02 pm) (light lines) and CLAES (7.96 pm) (dashed line) optical depth measurements in the 15-20°N latitude bin, with the corresponding time series of retrieved (heavy line). Middle Frame Example optical depth spectra at representative times before and after the eruption. Dashed lines show retrieval (right scale). Bottom Frame Time series of retrieved S,...

Figure 5 Gasket compression and crimp depth measurements (Socoge gauge).

Technically, the heterogeneity of skin and the presence of refractive index gradients likely impose some constraints to the accurate determination of imaging parameters. However, uncertainties in the determination of spatial resolution and axial location in transparent samples from which spectra are extracted, such as those described by Everall [21-23] and others [24, 25], are probably not important for highly opaque skin samples. We estimate the axial resolution to be 2-3 pm with the 785 nm excitation wavelength used in the current measurements. A study from this lab has suggested that errors in depth measurements are less than 15% which is probably adequate for most current purposes. 

Figure 33 Hydrogen concentration versus depth measured by nuclear reso-...

Once depth is established with a depth gauge, measurement can be read directly, or the device is removed and laid onto a meter stick to determine depth measurement. 

Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of the experimental aquifer and the sampling plate. Filled circles on the sampling plate represent needle placement locations. For each filled circle, the lower right number indicates the sampling port number and the upper left bold numbers indicate the needle placement depth measured in cm from the bottom of the aquifer (adopted from Lee and Chrysikopoulos [74])...

Semi-solid foods, such as soft butter and some cheeses, cannot be formed into samples capable of supporting their own weight. For such foods, compression testing takes the form of cone or die penetrometry, in which a cone, die, needle or sphere is made to penetrate the sample (held in a suitable container) either under constant load or at constant speed, and the penetration depth measured as a function of time. Standard methods for penetrometry of fats are published by the AOCS (AOCS Official Method Cc 16-60, Firestone, 1998) and the British Standards Institution (BS 684 Section 1.11 1976, BSI, 1976c). 

Figure 31 Maximum penetration depths measured on Ti-2 specimens crevice corroded in 0.27 mol dm 3 NaCl at 100°C ( ) and 150°C(1) for various amounts of oxygen consumed.

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