Diabetes, type insulin-dependent

Glibenclamide is an oral antidiabetic agent (sulphonylurea). It acts by increasing insulin secretion and is therefore indicated in type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) where there is pancreatic activity. 

Where the pancreas is still functioning, albeit less efficiently, the condition is known as type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes, NIDDM),... 

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

Over 5% of the population of western nations is afflicted with diabetes. TTie most prevalent form of diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or type 11), is commonly associated with obesity and hypertension, and is believed to be the consequence of altered insulin action or insulin secretion (for review see Defronzo, 1988 Defronzo and Ferrannini, 1991). Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or type 1 diabetes) accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of diabetes. IDDM is characterized by specific destruction of insulin secreting /3-cells found in islets of Langerhans. Destruction of 80-90% of islet /3-cells causes insulin deficiency and the inability to regulate blood glucose levels. 

Diabetes meiiitus is one of the commonest endocrine disorders. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) usuaiiy deveiops in the first two decades of iife and accounts for 5-10% of all diabetics. It is characterised by a specific ceii-mediated T iymphocyte immune process leading to destruction of the pancreatic... 

T Diabetes mellitus, caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin, is a relatively common disease nearly 6% of the United States population shows some degree of abnormality in glucose metabolism that is indicative of diabetes or a tendency toward the condition. There are two major clinical classes of diabetes mellitus type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called insulin-resistant diabetes. 

B. Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)... 

Diabetes mellitus ( sweet urine ) involves relative over-production of glucose by the liver and under-utilization by other organs. Diabetes is the most serious metabolic disease in terms of its social impact. Obesity and the indulgent Western diet correlates with mature age diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes) typically manifests at less than 20 years from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic (3 cells. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is fatal without exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mature age diabetes) occurs later in life and typically involves both deficient insulin production and insulin resistance , that is, the target cells are less responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) but insulin therapy (in addition to oral antidiabetics) may eventually be required. Hyperglycaemia due... 

Type 1 delodirtase, 734-735, 826,827 Type I diabetes, see insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type II deiodinase, 735, 826, 827 Type II diabetes, see Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type fll deiodinase, 735,826,827 Type HI hyperlipoproteinemia, 3S Tyrosine... 

Diabetes is a worldwide problem afflicting approximately 5% of the adult population of industrialized nations. In the USA 18.2 million people (13 million diagnosed, 5.2 million undiagnosed), approximately 6% of the US population is afflicted with diabetes. Over 40% of the population with diabetes is age 60 or older and 90-95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes are type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes) [28]. There is a great need to develop the best possible glucose biosensors to continuously, accurately, painlessly and safely monitor blood glucose level to improve the lives of all diabetics. 

We now consider diabetes mellitus, a complex disease characterized by grossly abnormal fuel usage glucose is overproduced by the liver and underutilized by other organs. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (usually referred to simply as diabetes) is about 5% of the population. Indeed, diabetes is the most common serious metabolic disease in the world it affects hundreds of millions. Type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting p cells in the pancreas and usually begins before age 20. Insulin dependency means that the affected person requires the administration of insulin to live. Most diabetics, in contrast, have a normal or even higher level of insulin in their blood, but... 

Diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent (IDDM). Former term for + diabetes mellitus type 1. 

There are two types of diabetes mellitus insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type 1), where there is absolute deficiency of insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, Type 2), where there is insulin resistance and impaired insulin... 

Much has been learned about insulin because of its relationship with diabetes. In classical, type I diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes), the individual does not make insulin, or at least not enough of it. This is usually caused by destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas from a type of autoimmune disease. The only remedy for type I diabetes is regular insulin injections, and insulin is produced for this purpose by recombinant DNA technology (Chapter 13). 

If we think of these two as a key and a lock, then it is immediately obvious that if the lock cannot be opened it might be because the lock is faulty, but equally the key might be faulty or simply lost. In fact, there are two broad classifications of different types of diabetes mellitus on exactly this basis. Type 1 diabetes, also known as early-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is the one with the missing key there is insufficient insulin and usually this arises because of an auto-immune attack on the j8-cells of the panaeas, which produce the insulin. (However, now that you have learnt about proteins and genes, you might be able to envisage ways in which the key could be defective rather then missing )... 

Patients with high plasma coneentration of NEFAs have been associated with obesity-and type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)-mediated hypertension [24].Interestingly, the dihydropyridine family of calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine and amlodipine) and (0-3 fatty acid supplement (e.g. fish oil) has been reported to either reduce plasma NEFAs concentration or inhibit NEFAs-induced endothelial dysfunction [25, 26] used to treat obesity- and/or type II diabetes-mediated hypertension. 

Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is due to failure of responsiveness to insulin as a result of decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors (insulin resistance). There is a clear genetic susceptibility to type II diabetes, which usually develops in middle-age, with a gradual onset, and is sometimes known as maturity-onset diabetes. 

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus results in the body having too much sugar in the blood. It occurs in two main forms, type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, previously referred to as early-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes meUims, is caused by the body being unable to produce insulin, whilst type 2 diabetes (adult-onset diabetes and non-insulm-dependent diabetes) results from the hcxly not being able to produce enough insulin or not herng ahle to utilise insulin properly. 

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

MODY is a type of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by rare autosomal-dominant mutations. Presently there are six known forms of the disease which are all due to ineffective insulin production or... 

Meglitinide contains a benzamide group. Meglitinide-related compounds such as nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. 

Type 1—Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes... 

---