Decontamination objectives

Bleaching powder is used to decontaminate objects which have been contaminated with mustard gas. For this purpose it is recommended that the bleaching powder be mixed to a porridge with water, or with some other powdered substance, so as to prevent the inconvenient results already mentioned, which would be caused by the violence of the reaction. In the reaction with undiluted bleaching powder, a zone of contact forms, consisting of a layer of decomposition products which protects the sulphide from further attack. ... 

Does disposal of the decontaminated objects or materials involve any additional potential hazards, biological or otherwise, to those carrying out the immediate disposal procedures or those who might come into contact with the objects or materials outside the laboratory complex ... 

Experimental results of synthetic powder Fe O dissolution rates in formic, oxalic and citric acids, EDTA and their mixtures depending on agent concentrations, pH, etc. were investigated and compared. Comparison of these results with stabilised chemical equilibriums in solutions and distribution diagrams of particular complexes enabled optimization of decontamination solution composition for decontamination objectives during decommissioning. 

Contaminants can be deposited on the surface of or can permeate PPE and other equipment. The longer a contaminant stays in contact with an object, the greater the probability and extent of permeation. Minimizing contact time is one of the most important objectives of a decontamination program. This is why contact time with hazardous material should be taken into consideration when considering different methodologies in the actual performance of the task itself... 

The SSAHP developed by the Site G contractor did not indicate that the contractors routinely conducted job- or task-specific hazard analyses. In addition, the SSAHP did not specify that PPE selection for jobs and tasks must be based on the analysis of the health hazards associated with each job. Eurthermore, the SSAHP contained no procedures for objectively determining the effectiveness of decontamination of personnel or equipment. The decontamination program required incineration of all materials that could not be readily decontaminated such materials were placed in labeled disposal containers. The program, however, did... 

Nonpharmacologic measures are critical to prevent the spread of viral conjunctivitis. Patients should not share towels or other contaminated objects, should avoid close contact with other people and avoid swimming for 2 weeks.10 The virus remains viable on dry surfaces for more than 2 weeks.13 Take care in the medical setting to thoroughly decontaminate instruments and wash hands.11... 

Unsecured objects, such as bricks and gas cylinders, near the edges of elevated surfaces, such as catwalks, roof tops, and scaffolding, which may dislodge and fall on workers Debris and weeds that obstruct visibility Install skid-resistant strips and other antiskid devices on slippery surfaces Construct operation pads for mobile facilities and temporary structures Construct loading docks, processing and staging areas, and decontamination pads... 

In spite of numerous researches devoted to improve methods and means for special treatment efficiency of decontamination in a number of instances does not correspond to the new requirements. An explanation for this from one side is the higher level of toxicity of the new chemical warfare agents small quantities of which could be very dangerous to humans and, from the other side, the process of decontamination is dependent both on methods and decontamination ability and specific properties of the contaminated object. 

Decontamination Removal of contamination from personnel or objects. 

Interaction of scientists and technicians with state and governmental agencies, regulators, economists, and evaluators is of paramount importance. The need to communicate and understand each other by sharing goals and objectives and develop priorities for successful implementation of biological decontamination practices. 

Most of the studies done, by Munnecke were small scale laboratory studies. The efficacy of parathion hydrolase has not been tested under field conditions. It was the major objective of our study to determine the usefulness of parathion hydrolase for the decontamination of high concentrations of formulated diazinon in soil under greenhouse conditions. A secondary, but very important, objective was to determine if the enzyme could be handled in a practical fashion as would be done in the field and retain its ability to degrade diazinon. 

The Facility Closure Plan includes two sampling and analysis plans. The first, Sampling and Analysis Plan for HWMU Closure (Appendix 2 in the Plan), includes requirements and procedures for conducting field sampling operations and investigations of soils and structures associated with the MDB and the HWMUs, as well as data quality objectives and field sampling protocols that could be used to verify decontamination (U.S. Army, 2000a). 

Decontamination techniqnes and processes, involving chemical, mechanical, and thermal methods, have been developed for the removal of hazardons materials from systems, strnctnres, and components (SSCs), to soil and water. The primary objectives of decontamination are to rednce exposnre, rednce the potential release of hazardons materials to clean areas, and enable decontaminated eqnipment and materials to be salvaged and rensed. For J AC ADS closnre, a key objective will be to meet the end-state criteria for the land and the SSCs that are left in place. 

Establish closure objectives Finalize end-state requirements System decontamination Perform area Periodic monitoring... 

Because decontamination occurs after buildings have been evacuated and first responders have treated any casualties, it allows for some time lapse before decontamination begins. With some planning, damage can be minimized and the efficacy of the decontamination process can be maximized. For example, sensitive equipment, electronics, valuable artwork, and personal objects will require chemicals that are less harsh than those used to clean air ducts and walls. The lack of time sensitivity also allows the choice of a decontaminant that may have a longer reaction time, but that is more suitable for the surface or the ambient conditions suoh as humidity and temperature. Thus, it is best to obtain a suite of deoontamination methods. 

Starodub NF, Pylipeko LN, Pylipenko IV, Egorova AV (2008) Mycotoxins and other low weight toxins as instrument of bioterrorists express instrumental control and some ways to decontaminate polluted environmental objects. Timisoara Medical J 58 9-18... 

Decontamination. The act of removing the biological, chemical or radiological contamination from, or neutralizing it on, a person, object or area... 

Tello, H., Unger, A., Gockel, F. and Jelen, E. (2005) Decontamination of ethnological objects with supercritical carbon dioxide. Preprints of the 14th Triennial Meeting of the International Committee for Conservation ICOM-CC, The Hague, The Netherlands, Vol. 1, pp. 110-19. 

Our criticism, of course, is not directed at isotope techniques in general, but only to contamination/decontamination studies of hair where only a small fraction of the total isotope binds to hair and where residual drug levels in hair are exceedingly low when compared to those in the contaminating solution. In light of these considerations it is our opinion that there is no excuse for substituting a risky technique, no matter how convenient, for a reliable one involving the direct measurement of analytes. This is particularly true when it is the objective to validate the latter procedure. 

For the decontamination of objects, Renwanz recommends the use of bleaching powder (see p. 231). 

The decontamination of paper, print, documents, etc., may be carried out by exposing such objects to the action of gaseous ammonia in closed containers for several days. ... 

---