Distribution diagrams, for

A distribution diagram for Cd2+ complexes with NH3 constructed using data shown in Table 19.2. 

Figure 4. Distribution diagrams for c/s- and trans-DDP as a function of the pH in extracellular conditions ([Cl [ambient = 0.1 M). Notation as X, Y in [Pt(NH3)2X,Y[ solid line (Cl ), dashed line (Cl, H2O), dotted line (H2O, H2O).

Fig. 15. 9Be NMR spectra and calculated distribution diagram for the system BeS04-malonate 1 1 (CBe = CL = 0.1 M) (95).

Figure 1 Electron distribution diagrams for pyrimidine 10, quinazoline 11, and perimidine 12.

The present authors studied the extraction of aromatic amines into ILs. As is seen from experimental data for [C4CiIm][PFg] (Figure 9.2), aniline, napthylamine, and o-toluidine are efficiently extracted from the alkaline aqueous solution. Thus, as in the case of phenols, neutral (molecular) forms of solutes were extracted. Another example of the same behavior is given by many polyfunctional compounds, for example, 8-hydroxyquinoline (Figure 9.3 presents a comparison of extraction pH-profile with the distribution diagram for ionic forms of the solute). 

Figure 9.3 Distribution diagram for the ionic forms of 8-hydroxyquinoline in comparison with pH-profile of its extraction into [C4CjIm][Pp5].

Figure 2 Distribution diagrams for vanadate(V) species in aqueous solution at 25 °C and ft = 0.5 M Na (Cl). Curves are labelled with the values of p, q for each anion (see Table 2) (reprinted with permission from K. H. Tytko and J...

Fig. 4. Distribution diagram for species present in fresh solutions containing MoOj and HPC>4 in a molar ratio of 12 1 at different pH values. (From Ref. 28.)...

FIGURE 2.5 Species distribution diagrams for vanadate at 1.0 and 0.1 molar overall concentrations calculated for aqueous 0.6 mol/L NaCl solutions. Formation constants are taken... 

Figure 10 Phase distribution diagrams for various possible compositions (see text).

Figure 6.5 Idealized potential and current distribution diagram for the inside of a cylindrical gauze electrode and an eccentric interior cylindrical counter electrode (C). Positions 1 and 2 represent other placements of the counter electrode.

The distribution diagram for Eu(III) among the various complexes in the presence of formate is shown in Fig. 3.12. 

The distribution of hydrolyzed V02+ as a function of pH at a total vanadium concentration of 10 xM is shown in Fig. 3. The curves in the distribution diagram also depend on the total vanadium concentration because of the dimer formation and the precipitation reactions. While distribution diagrams of this type for V02+ are incomplete, they nevertheless illustrate the interrelationship between some of the species present and are of predictive value below pH 6 and above pH 11, and possibly in the pH 6 to 11 interval provided one starts with a solution below pH 6 and slowly adds base. The unidentified soluble hydroxide species are less likely to form under those conditions. Species distribution diagrams for a number of V02+ complexes with several common ligands are given by Kraglen34. ... 

Equation (24) shows that the total gas to the downcomer assembly remains constant, irrespective of solids rate. However, Eq. (23) shows that the gas to the dipleg decreases linearly with solids rate, with u oX = ej at dl = 0. Also, at Wo =0, wd = (1 — e0)e5 1. Thus, a gas distribution diagram for the downcomer assembly can be constructed as given in Fig. 12, showing the... 

Example 2.6 Calculate and draw the chemical-species distribution diagram for the Cu(II)-NH3 system, using the following log values of the global constants for the four sequential equilibria involved 4.10, 7.60, 10.50, and 12.50. Here, pL = pNH3, and M = Cu2+. 

Figure 20-1. Species distribution diagram for citric acid.

Figure 6.5. Hydrolysis of Fe(III). (a) Distribution of Fe(lII) species in a 10" M Fe(III) solution as a function of pH. The solution is considered homogeneous [it is, in the neutral pH, range slightly oversaturated with respect to amorphous Fe(OH>3] (cf. Figure 6.8b). The concentrations of the multimeric species Fe2(OH)2 and FesfOH) are below 10" M. (b, c) Distribution diagrams for the various hydrolysis species in a hypothetically homogeneous 10" M and 10 M Fe(III) solution, respectively. Formation of the dimer and trimer increases with increasing Fe(III)io(. The shaded area indicates the approximate pH range of oversaturation with regard to Fe(OH)3(s). The polynuclear species occur in appreciable concentrations only when the solutions become oversaturated. It is thus plausible that these polynuclear species are intermediates in the formation of the solid phase.

Assuming activity coefficients are unity, and using the solubility expression for Ca(ox), equation (5.3), the species distribution diagram for oxalate ions can be generated, Figure 5.1. You can see that, with excess oxalate in solution, pH will play a critical role in balancing the co-precipitation of H2ox(s), Ca(ox), and the cobalt complex product. 

We will now take a more rigorous approach to this question and compute the distribution diagram for carbonic acid species in water as a function of pH, but ignore ion activity coefficients. First let us define the total carbonate, Cj, where... 

Figure 5.2 Distribution diagram for carbonate species as a function of pH, assuming Ct= 10" M. Concentrations of and OH", which are independent of Ct-, are shown as dashed straight lines.

Sketch and label important features of the percent distribution diagram for carbonate species as a function of pH. 

Given Gibbs free-energy data, be able to draw and explain a species distribution diagram for Fe(II) and Fe(III)-OH complexes as a function of pH. 

Fig. 3.4. Species distribution diagrams for calcite-water systems (a) closed and (b) open.

Fig. 3.6. Species distribution diagrams for mineral-water open systems (a) hubnerite, (b) ferberite, and (c) scheelite (Hu and Wang, 1985).

Fig. 3.11. Species distribution diagram for covellite under open (atmospheric CO2) conditions (Acar and Soma-sundaran, 1990).

Fig. 3.15. (a) Dependence of flotation of calcite on PZC using dodecylammonium acetate (DDA) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (b) determination of PZC from species distribution diagram for calcite. 

Due to a variety of possible solution reactions, flotation reagents exist in many forms such as undissociated molecules, ions, hydroxylated species and polymeric species under different solution conditions of pH and concentration. The fraction of species plotted as a function of the total concentration, pC, yields the species distribution diagram for the system. Such plots can be used to explain mechanisms by which reagents act in mineral flotation. 

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