Decontamination of contaminated

Silica gel that has been functionalized by hydantoinylsiloxane (monomeric or polymeric) can also be used for the decontamination of contaminated water in war theaters. ... 

Handling of experiments, maintenance operations, decontamination of contaminated items, replacement of water in the spent fuel storage pool, and spills or leakages from the core and related systems lead to the production of radioactive waste. This waste accumulates with time and must be properly collected and treated. Aspects of the handling of radioactive waste are discussed in Section 6. 

Criterion 82 Means of radiation monitoring Facilities should be provided near the monitors for decontamination of contaminated personnel or equipment. 

Nuclear utiUties have sharply reduced the volume of low level radioactive waste over the years. In addition to treating wastes, utiUties avoid contamination of bulk material by limiting the contact with radioactive materials. Decontamination of used equipment and materials is also carried out. For example, lead used for shielding can be successfully decontaminated and recycled using an abrasive mixture of low pressure air, water, and alumina. 

Decontamination. If contaminated equipment or material does not have to be used immediately, natural aeration is an effective decontaminant procedure, as most chemical agents, including the bHster and V-agents, are volatile to a certain degree. Wind accelerates their evaporation and hastens their dissipation. Rain and dew may also cause sufficient hydrolysis of some agents. Sunlight increases the surface temperatures of military equipment and thus accelerates agent evaporation. 

We do not attempt to discuss in depth decontamination methods for radiological wastes. A health physicist should be immediately available to assist with decontamination of radioactively contaminated personnel or equipment. 

As concentrations of contaminants increase, the potential for permeation of PPE increase. The chemical and physical compatibility of decontamination solutions and methods with selected PPE should be determined before use [2]. 

For many operations, workers are assigned to assist in conducting decontamination of workers wearing Level A or B PPE during the decontamination process. Decontamination workers stationed at the front end of the decontamination line may require more protection from chemical and radiological contaminants than decontamination workers assigned to the latter stages of decontamination. 

Decontamination of employees leaving a contaminated area [OSHA Reference, 120(k)(2)(iii)]... 

Only two processes, high-temperature pyrolysis and mobile incineration, have proved effective for soil decontamination and are considered to be commercially viable. Both involve heating the contaminated soil to a high temperatnre, which is costly in terms of energy use and materials handling. There are substantial opportunities for innovation and development of processes for the separation of eontaminants from soils and the in-situ treatment of contaminated soils. Examples of each are given in the following subsections. 

Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pattiogens (ACDP) (1990) HIV—The Causative Agent of AIDS and Related Conditions. Second revision of guidelines. London Heallh and Safety Executive. Anon ( 99 ) Decontamination of Equipment, Linen or other Surfaces Contaminated with Hepatitis B and/or Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. Depaittnent of Healtti HC 33. 

Providing for storage or disposal of contaminated materials (e.g., decontamination solutions, disposable equipment, drilling muds and cuttings, well-development fluids, well-purging water, and spill-contaminated materials)... 

Delineation of these three zones should be based on sampling and monitoring results and on an evaluation of the potential routes and amount of contaminant dispersion in the event of a release. Movement of personnel and equipment among these zones should be minimized and restricted to specific access control points to prevent cross-contamination from contaminated areas to clean areas. A decision for evaluating health and safety aspects of decontamination methods is presented in Figure 16.22.105... 

Decontamination procedures must provide an organized process by which levels of contamination are reduced. The decontamination process should consist of a series of procedures performed in a specific sequence. Each procedure should be performed at a separate station in order to prevent cross-contamination. The sequence of stations is called the decontamination line. 

The view at Cadmium changed with time starting from a valuable resource and ending up as a toxic element with a limited number of applications not substituted by alternative products. The decontamination of the technosphere works to a certain extent. Due to the character of Cd as trace contamination of phosphate fertilizers and of Zn ores and fossil fuels, there is no final solution for the environmental contamination. Due to the restrictions issued in many countries, there is reason to fear that Cd could end up in unknown material streams. From an analysis of the refining of Zn ores in 2002, it has been concluded that about one quarter of Cd generated as by-product ( 7,000-8,000 Mg) could not be found either in the products analyzed or in the emissions from the process [27]. 

Chemical remediation refers to the application of various minerals or chemicals to adsorb, bind, precipitate or co-precipitate trace elements and heavy metals in soils and waters thereby reducing their bioavailability, toxicity, and mobility. In situ immobilization refers to the treatment of contaminants in place without having to excavate the soils or waste, often resulting in substantial cost savings. However, in situ immobilization or extraction by these physicochemical techniques can be expensive and are often only appropriate for small areas where rapid and complete decontamination is required. 

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