Decontamination and

Chemical Separation. A reprocessing facility typically utilizes multiple extraction/reextraction (stripping) cycles for the recovery and purification of uranium and plutonium. For example, a co-decontamination and partitioning cycle is followed by one or more cycles of uranium and plutonium purification. The basic process is illustrated in Figure 3. 

Nuclear utiUties have sharply reduced the volume of low level radioactive waste over the years. In addition to treating wastes, utiUties avoid contamination of bulk material by limiting the contact with radioactive materials. Decontamination of used equipment and materials is also carried out. For example, lead used for shielding can be successfully decontaminated and recycled using an abrasive mixture of low pressure air, water, and alumina. 

Decontamination is a procedure to render safe for handling, disposal, or the subsequent processing of an article that may contain a large amount of potentially infectious organisms. Decontamination and sterilization are similar procedures, except that in the former case the bioburden is higher. In both cases, all organisms present are destroyed. However, decontamination is not expected to result reHably in the 10 probabiHty of microbial survival, as in sterilization, because of the higher bioburden. Decontamination may include sanitization and disinfection steps, but it most frequentiy involves sterilization... 

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Decontamination and Decommissioning of Uranium Enrichment Affordable Cleanup ... 

Besides these speciaUy-designed decontaminants and kits there are a number of commercially available materials that wiU partiaUy decontaminate chemical agents. Such materials are Hsted in the US. Army Yield Manual FM 3 —5, NBC Decontamination. 

Dedication of equipment stipulations concerning the installation of special equipment, equipment decontamination and cross contamination... 

Special considerations need to be evaluated for decontamination and clean up of difficult materials. Eor example,... 

The site should be inspected for evidence of prior spills. If found, the area should be cleaned and decontaminated and there may be a reporting requirement. ... 

Monitor stock, e.g. temperature, pressure, reaction, inhibitor content, degradation of substance, deterioration of packaging or containers/corrosion, leakages, condition of label, expiry date, undesirable by-products (e.g. peroxides in ethers) Spillage control bund, spray, blanket, containment. Drain to collection pit Decontamination and first-aid provisions, e.g. neutralize/destroy, fire-fighting Contain/vent pressure generated to a safe area... 

All personnel involved in the rescue and subsequent transport must be decontaminated and should be medi-ceiUy monitored. The vehicle must not be returned to regular service until it has been decontaminated. 

Direction and control communications evacuation and sheltering medical treatment facilities resource management cleanup and disposal decontamination and documentation. 

Deactivation and certain decontamination and dismantlement (D D) activities that do not fall under CERCLA... 

The typical decontamination may include removing any gross contamination in the exclusion zone using equipment that will stay in the EZ (for instance, a hand scraper, a wire brush, etc.). Once gross contamination is removed, the worker (or equipment) might go to the decon pad where washing with a scrub brush, soap, and water might take place. Chapter 10 provides an in-depth discussion of decontamination and work zones. 

The hazardous waste standard requires employers to make certain that when showers are a necessary step in the decontamination process, their employees shower at the end of their work shift and when leaving the hazardous waste site. Sanitation-related showers (unlike decontamination showers) are understood to be voluntary. Decontamination and emergency showers should be located close to the worksite. Sanitary showers may be located at some distance from the worksite. A statement in the safety plan encouraging good personal hygiene and daily showers is a good idea. In addition, workers should be encouraged to shower daily even if no shower is available at the worksite. 

Only two processes, high-temperature pyrolysis and mobile incineration, have proved effective for soil decontamination and are considered to be commercially viable. Both involve heating the contaminated soil to a high temperatnre, which is costly in terms of energy use and materials handling. There are substantial opportunities for innovation and development of processes for the separation of eontaminants from soils and the in-situ treatment of contaminated soils. Examples of each are given in the following subsections. 

Norstrom, R.J. (1988). Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian wildlife. In J.-P. Crine (Ed.) Hazards, Decontamination and Replacement of PCBs. New York Plenum, Press. 

Berry JR, McMurray BJ, Jech JJ, et al. 1983. 1976 Hanford americium exposure incident Decontamination and treatment facility. Health Phys 45(4) 883-892. 

REMEDIATION, DECONTAMINATION, AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT 16.9.1 Site Preparation and Work Zones... 

Canyon structure for containment of process equipment, which would be installed and replaced remotely by overhead cranes. This arrangement is most cost effective in that it provides for maximum use of building space since there is no need for space between process equipment Failed equipment can be replaced in less than one day and is then moved to separate maintenance shops within the canyon structure for decontamination and repair. 

Diarrhea is a well-known complication of antibiotic therapy. Rates of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) vary from 5 to 25%. Some antibiotics are more likely to cause diarrhea than others, specifically, those that are broad spectrum and those that target anaerobic flora. This paper reviews the effects of antibiotics on the fecal flora as well as host factors which contribute to AAD. Clinical features and treatment of AAD are also described. Prevention of AAD rests on wise antibiotic policies, the use of probiotics and prevention of acquisition in the hospital setting. Data from clinical trials suggest that poorly absorbed antimicrobials might have a decreased risk of causing AAD and Clostridium difficile-associated disease, as concluded from studies of antibiotics used for preoperative bowel decontamination and poorly absorbed antibiotics used for traveler s diarrhea. Controlled trials would prove this but are not yet available. Probiotics may be a good adjunct to poorly absorbed antibiotics to minimize the risk of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. 

Metcalfe, D.E., Zukovs, G., Mackay, D., Paterson, S. (1988) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) physical and chemical property data. In Hazards, Decontamination and Replacement of PCB A Comprehensive Guide. Crine, J.P., Ed., pp. 3-33, Plenum Press, New York. 

Other manufacturing procedures requiring validation include cleaning, decontamination and sanitation (CDS) procedures developed for specific items of equipment/processing areas. Of particular importance is the ability of such procedures to remove bioburden. This may be assessed by monitoring levels of microbial contamination before and after application of CDS protocols to the equipment item in question. 

While organizing the decontamination and choosing the location some conditions should be considered ... 

Cover the surface where decontamination and rinse is provided... 

Adamovich I.S., N.I. Ivanov, Basis of Deactivation, Decontamination and Disinfection , Moscow 1968. 

Testing the decontamination efficiency of the two-solution system with acceptable effectiveness in case of GB, GD and HD showed insufficient effectiveness in case of medemo (later confirmed also for actual VX). This was the main impetus to start extensive R D of the quite new means for primary decontamination and of upgrading the means for secondary decontamination. 

Abstract Decontamination ability of the new developed and applied camouflage clothing is researched via evaporation and treatment with air and mixture of evaporated water and ammonia. Kinetics of the processes depending on the temperature and time is determined. Optimal conditions for efficient decontamination and apply in technical means for decontamination of the supplied materials in Republic of Bulgaria are specified. 

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