Dart Chemicals

Most commercial processes produce polypropylene by a Hquid-phase slurry process. Hexane or heptane are the most commonly used diluents. However, there are a few examples in which Hquid propylene is used as the diluent. The leading companies involved in propylene processes are Amoco Chemicals (Standard OH, Indiana), El Paso (formerly Dart Industries), Exxon Chemical, Hercules, Hoechst, ICl, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsubishi Petrochemical, Mitsui Petrochemical, Mitsui Toatsu, Montedison, Phillips Petroleum, SheU, Solvay, and Sumimoto Chemical. Eastman Kodak has developed and commercialized a Hquid-phase solution process. BASE has developed and commercialized a gas-phase process, and Amoco has developed a vapor-phase polymerization process that has been in commercial operation since early 1980. 

TOXNET is a series of databases on chemical toxicity hosted by the National Institutes of Medicine, which allows multiple searching options. The databases include ChemIDplus, HSDB, Toxline, CCRIS, DART, GENETOX, IRIS, ITER, LactMed, Multi-Database, TRI, Haz-Map, Household Products and TOXMAP. 

Ellison earned a master of science in chemistry from the University of California, Irvine. His graduate research involved methods to synthesize poisons extracted from Colombian poison dart frogs. He has a bachelor of science in chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and Federation of American Scientists. In addition to his works on weapons of mass destruction, he is the author of a chapter on the hazardous properties of materials in the sixth edition of the Handbook on Hazardous Materials Management, a textbook published in 2002 by the Institute of Hazardous Materials Management. 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

In the 1990s, ECVAM held a forum to vet and evaluate new alternative assays, and developed a list of compounds for testing (24). The key driver for this activity was the fact that DART studies require large numbers of animals. The primary focus of this activity was embryo-fetal toxicity. The list generated from this forum was tested in three assays (later validated by ECVAM) (1) the micromass assay, (2) the rat WEC assay, and (3) the embryonic stem cell test (25). Compounds on the Brown list were classified as either strong, weak, or non-teratogens. The three assays successfully predicted the compound classification about 80% of the time. However, the embryonic stem cell test later performed poorly on a different group of chemicals with known in vivo activities (26). 

This weapon fires darts filled with any type of chemical agent or drag. The darts do little damage themselves, but may be filled with any injected poison, drag, or chemical. 

Based off of the typical paintball gun used by children and enthusiasts throughout the city, a gel ball gun is capable of shooting gel balls at targets. Unlike dart guns or chemical grenades, only contact poisons or drags may be delivered effectively with a gel ball gun. 

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source. Reproduced with permission from Cody et al. [9]. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.

Besides AP-MALDI, already described earlier, electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization ionization (APPI), DESI and DART are other examples of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources. 

The direct analysis in real time (DART) method has been described by Cody et al. [88] and commercialized by JEOL. This method allows direct detection of chemicals on surfaces, in liquids and in gases without the need for sample preparation. All of these analyses take place under ambient conditions in a space just in front of the inlet of the mass spectrometer. The sample is not altered because no exposure to high voltage or to vacuum is required. 

Developed from a symposium held Apr. 10, 1984, in St. Louis, entitled The Influence of Aerobic Exercise on Energy Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements , sponsored by the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, the Quaker Oats Company, and the Dart-Kraft Company. 

Chemical Society. Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. III. Quaker Oats Company. IV. Dart Kraft. V. Series. 

In the late 1960s, Dow initiated patent infringement suits against its major competitors (Monsanto, Standard Oil, Amoco Chemical, Dart Industries) over the patent for high-impact polystyrene by Amos [6]. 

The predominant product in each case was titanium trichloride (aka "tickle 3"), an active catalyst for olefin polymerization. The preferred cocatalyst was diethyl-aluminum chloride (DEAC). TiCl from eq 3.1 contains co-crystallized aluminum trichloride. TiCl from eq 3.3 may contain small amounts of complexed aluminum alkyl. Products from eq 3.1 and 3.2 were supplied commercially by companies such as Stauffer Chemical and Dart (both now defunct). Catalyst from eq 3.3 was manufactured on site by polyolefin producers, usually in an inert hydrocarbon such as hexane. 

Synonyms Fhyllobates toxin Pitohui toxin Ifrita toxin poison dart frog toxin Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Steroidal alkaloid neurotoxin Chemical Formulas o Batrachotoxin C31H42N2O6 o Homobatrachotoxin C32H44N2O6 o Batrachotoxinin-A C24H35NO5... 

Dart RC (2004) Miscellaneous chemical agents. In Dart DC (ed.) Medical Toxicology, 3rd edn., pp. 1184—1186. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 

There are three principal ways for a chemical to be added to the Proposition 65 list. A chemical can be listed if either of two independent committees of scientists and health professionals finds that the chemical has been clearly shown to cause cancer or birth defects or other reproductive harm. These two committees are the Carcinogen Identification Committee (CIC) and the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant (DART) Identification Committee, and both are part of OEHHA s Science Advisory Board. The committee members are appointed by the Governor and are designated as the State s Qualified Experts for evaluating chemicals under Proposition 65. When determining whether a chemical should be placed on the list, the committees base their decisions on the most current scientific information available. OEH-HA staff scientists compile all relevant scientific evidence on various chemicals for the committees to review. The committees also consider comments from the public before making their decisions. 

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