Solution phase process

G in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis base such as dimethylether, (GH2)20. In addition to the gas-phase pyrolysis of diborane, can be prepared by a solution-phase process developed at Union Garbide Gorp. Decaborane is a key intermediate in the preparation of many carboranes and metaHa derivatives. As of this writing, this important compound is not manufactured on a large scale in the western world and is in short supply. Prices for decaborane in 1991 were up to 10,000/kg. 

Each microreactor consists of a polymer-bound substrate and a radiofrequency encoded microchip enclosed within a small porous vessel. The radiofrequency tag allows the identity of the substrate contained within each microreactor to be established readily. Using this technology, the polymer-bound substrates 86 were individually elaborated, within separate microreactors, by sequential reactions with acids 87 and alcohols 88 in a similar way to the solution-phase processes [25c]. Each of the microreactors was then subjected to the tandem RCM resin-cleavage conditions employing initiator 3. The products from each microreactor were obtained as a mixture of four compounds (89-92). The library of analogs prepared by this technique was then screened for biological activity [25c]. 

Producers use four routes to make polyechylencj the bulk- or high-pressure process, the solution-phase process, the slurry-phase process, and the gas-phase process. Organizing your thinking around processes and products is not all that straightforward. Some of the processes can be used to produce ail the polyethylene forms, some only a few or one. That calls for a few words first by product and then more by process. 

The process of orthogonal testing highlights one of the major technical challenges in solution-phase processes the separation of individual products from each other. In SPS, of course, products are, by definition, always attached to some kind of solid support, such as resin beads or pins. In solution-phase experiments, products are thoroughly mixed with each other. Even if one can identify which among all possible products are desirable, some way must he found to separate those products from those of no interest to the experimenter and from excess reagents that may he present in the reaction mixture. 

In fact, the distinction between solid-phase and solution-phase processes is largely of historical interest and does not necessarily describe the range of experiments now being carried out in combinatorial chemistry. Researchers are finding ways of using elements from both approaches through which a library of products can be synthesized and then purified and analyzed in the most effective manner possible. 

New Approaches in Solution-phase Processing of Semiconductor Thin Films... 

The fate of pesticides and organic pollutants in natural waters and in soils is strongly dependent on their sorptive behavior (Karickhoff, 1980). Sorption affects not only physical transport of these materials but also their degradation. It is also important to note that the chemical reactivity of pollutants in a sorbed state may be different from their behavior in aqueous solution. Karickhoff (1980) notes that sorbents such as inorganic and organic soil constituents may affect solution-phase processes by changing the solution-phase pollutant concentration or by affecting the release of pollutants into the solution phase. 

In all these expressions, denotes, as customary along the text, solid phases, whereas (sol) represents solvated species existing in solution phase. Processes (3) and (4) can eventually be proton assisted. 

Sulfate ion i.s the chemical component usually present in highest concentration in the submieron atmospheric aerosol. Almo.st all of the sulfate results from the atmospheric oxidation of SO either by homogeneous gas-phase reactions or by aerosol- or droplet-phase reactions. Reaction with the hydroxyl radical OH is thought to be the major ga.s-phase mechanism. Many solution-phase processes are possible, including reaction with dissolved HiO and reactions with 0 catalyzed by dissolved metals such as Fe and Mn (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998). 

The Naito group has also prepared pyrrolidines [23] on solid phase by a combination of intermolecular radical addition to alkene 43 (Scheme 10) followed by intramolecular oxime ether cyclization to yield 44. These reactions proceeded sluggishly with triethylborane at room temperature, while the analogous solution-phase process was kinetically much faster. Radical additions to the phenylsulfonyl oxime ether 45 were reported by Jeon et al. [24]. Yields were better with primary and secondary alkyl iodides, and the tandem cyclization sequence with iodide 46 to afford bicyclic 47 was also accomplished, albeit in modest yield. 

In its classic form, ECL is regarded as a solution-phase process, on the basis of both direct evidence (Problem 18.4) and the expectation that metal electrodes quench excited states (18, 19). The band structure of semiconductor electrodes sometimes removes the latter difficulty (see Section 18.2), and emission from excited states produced directly in heterogeneous charge transfer at semiconductors can occur (20-22). More recently, even surface films, such as monolayer assemblies and polymer-modified electrodes (Chapter... 

Haber J A, Gunda N V and Buhro WE 1998 Nanostructure by design solution phase processing routes to nanocrystalline metals, ceramics, intermetallics and composites J. Aerosol Sci. 29 637... 

In this paper we examine the product of the reaction between Y-123 and Bl-2212 at a temperature that lies between the melting points of the two materials (950 C). We also compare these products with materials of similar composition, synthesized by a solution-phase process, starting with the salts of the Individual component metals. 

Rob, T., Wilson, D.J. (2012) Time-resolved mass spectrometry for monitoring millisecond time-scale solution-phase processes. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 18 (2), 205-214. 

A two-step method was used to prepare carbon nanotube (CNT)/(EVA)/(PE) and CNT/(PC)/PE composites. First, CNT-EVA and CNT-PC master batches were obtained by solution-phase processing, and second, the CNT master batches were melt mixed with PE. Phase morphological observations revealed decrease in the size of the dispersed particles in the composites (Li et al. 2007). 

Figure 2. Oligonucleotide interactions in solution (a) and at an interface with surface bound probes (b). While the mechanism of the solution phase process is well understood, duplex formation at an interface is complicated by a number of processes resulting from adsorption mechanisms and probe distribution.

---