Darmstadt Laboratory

Ylv " 34.5 mN m" , sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (product of Merck Ltd., Darmstadt, laboratory grade) purified by crystallization from benzene-ethanol mixtures (M = 288.3 = 8 mol m ), dodecyl-... 

The existence of element 107 was confirmed by a team of West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt, who created and identified six nuclei of element 107. 

On August 29,1982, physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany made and identified element 109 by bombing a target of Bi-209 with accelerated nuclei of Fe-58. If the combined energy of two nuclei is sufficiently high, the repulsive forces between the nuclei can be overcome. 

November 9,1994 at 4 39 pm, the first atom of the heaviest chemical atom with atomic number 110 was detected at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in Germany. For the last ten years, this element has been the subject of an intense search by many laboratories world-wide. 

Historically, the development of the acrylates proceeded slowly they first received serious attention from Otto Rohm. AcryUc acid (propenoic acid) was first prepared by the air oxidation of acrolein in 1843 (1,2). Methyl and ethyl acrylate were prepared in 1873, but were not observed to polymerize at that time (3). In 1880 poly(methyl acrylate) was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum, who noted that on dry distillation up to 320°C the polymer did not depolymerize (4). Rohm observed the remarkable properties of acryUc polymers while preparing for his doctoral dissertation in 1901 however, a quarter of a century elapsed before he was able to translate his observations into commercial reaUty. He obtained a U.S. patent on the sulfur vulcanization of acrylates in 1912 (5). Based on the continuing work in Rohm s laboratory, the first limited production of acrylates began in 1927 by the Rohm and Haas Company in Darmstadt, Germany (6). Use of this class of compounds has grown from that time to a total U.S. consumption in 1989 of approximately 400,000 metric tons. Total worldwide consumption is probably twice that. 

Elements beyond 103 are expected to be 6d elements forming a fourth transition series, and attempts to synthesize them have continued during the past thirty years. All 10 (including, of course, actinium) are now known and are discussed in the section on transactinide elements on p. 1280. The work has required the dedicated commitment of extensive national facilities and has been carried out at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratories, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, and the Heavy-Ion Research Centre (GSI) at Darmstadt, Germany. 

On the scientific side, in the early 1900s, a new physics laboratory had just been completed, the fourth largest in the world after the Johns Hopkins University, Darmstadt, and Strassburg physics laboratories. A new electrochemical laboratory was opening for work complementing the physics department s course in chemical physics and the chemistry department s course in metallurgy. 59... 

Bohrium - the atomic number is 107 and the chemical symbol is Bh. The name derives from the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who developed the theory of the electronic structure of the atom. The first synthesis of this element is eredited to the laboratory of the GSI (Center for Heavy-Ion Research) under the leadership of the German scientists Peter Armbruster and Gunther Mhnzenberg at Darmstadt, Germany in 1981, using the reaction ° Bi ( Cr, n) Bh. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 17 second Bh. 

In 1994 and 1995 Dr. Darleane Hoffinan of LLNL in Cahfornia and others from Germany used the Separator for Heavy Ion Reaction Products (SHIP) at the GSI laboratory in Darmstadt, Germany, to produce two new isotopes of element 110. 

Reagents and Materials. All the chemicals used were of high grade purity and were obtained from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standard reference material for Li was L-SVEC in Li2C03 form. The ion exchangers, both anion and cation types, were prepared in our laboratory as described elsewhere. Pure and Na-free SiOj gels were prepared in our laboratory by refinement of the procedure reported in the literature. ... 

Nifedipine conformed to USP XXI Eudragit RS and RL were kindly provided by Roehm Pharma GmbH (Darmstadt, FRG) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), MW of 14 000, was supplied by BDH Laboratory (Poole, UK). 

Chalk River is not the only laboratory with an isotope separator on-line to a heavy-ion accelerator, Berkeley, Oak Ridge and GSI Darmstadt have already proven the value of such a combination in studying exotic nuclei. We believe that the versatility and energy range of TASCC, together with the proven quality of separated beams from the ISOL, will make the Chalk River facility among the best in the field. 

In the early days of the chemical industry, manufacturers were reluctant to set up laboratories, but towards the end of the nineteenth century firms started to build laboratories both for analysis and research.280281 Analysis also played a role in the development of the laboratory in the early pharmaceutical industry.282 The history and development of the analytical and quality control laboratories at the Merck company in Darmstadt has been examined.283 The changing role of the chemist in the British alkali industry has also been investigated.284,285... 

These experiments resulted in the identification of elements 107 to 112 at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, GSI, in Darmstadt, and in the recent synthesis of elements 114 and 116 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR, in Dubna. We also report on a search for element 118, which started in 1999 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL, in Berkeley. In subsequent sections a theoretical description follows discussing properties of nuclei in the region of SHEs and phenomena, which influence the yield for the synthesis of SHEs. Empirical descriptions of hot and cold fusion nuclear reaction systematic are outlined. Finally, a summary and outlook is given. 

J Radiocarbon Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 2Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, D-6100, Darmstadt 11, Federal Republic of Germany... 

Recently, several new manmade superheavy elements have been discovered. These include elements 110 and 111, both of which were made in late 1994 by an international team of scientists. These scientists performed this research at GSI, a research center for heavy ion research in Darmstadt, Germany. Element 110 was made by colliding nickel atoms with an isotope of lead. Researchers in Russia have plans to make a different isotope of element 110 by colliding sulfur atoms with plutonium atoms. Elements 116 and 118 were recently discovered at a Berkeley laboratory. Other superheavy elements which have been predicted to exist have yet to be made in the laboratory, although research continues into the creation of these elements. 

S. Richard Turner received his Ph.D. in organic-polymer chemistry from the University of Florida in 1971 and did a year of postdoctoral work at the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry in Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. Before joining the Kodak Research Laboratories in 1980, he worked in the Xerox Research Laboratories in Webster, New York, and the Exxon Corporate Research Laboratories in Linden, New Jersey. He is currently a Research Associate in the Polymer Science Laboratories at Kodak. His research interests include synthesis and properties of photoactive polymers, ion-containing polymers, and water-soluble polymers. He has over 80 publications and patents in these areas. He is a member of the executive committee of the Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering of the American Chemical Society, where he currently serves as Program Chairman. 

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