Damage and Risk

The probabilities of damage are assessed using probit relations (vid. Appendix B and Sect. 2.6.2.2). 

The risk is assessed by combining the elements of frequency and damage. The result then is the expected frequency for a particular type of damage, e.g. the individual risk of death, i.e. the expected frequency of death at a particular distance from the source. 

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Crow, J.F. The evaluation of chemical mutagenicity data in relation to population risk Impact of various types of genetic damage and risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 6 1-5, 1973. 

It was expected that defueling and dismantlement of the damaged NSs would be possible after long-term (100-200 years) hold up at the storage facility, i.e. after radionuclide decay down to levels allowing necessary dismantling works with acceptable radiation bmden for involved personnel, no environmental damage and risk for the nearby population. 

Paz-Elizur T, Krupsky M, Blumenstein S, Elinger D, Schechtman E, Livneh Z (2003) DNA Repair activity for oxidative damage and risk of lung cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectrum 95 1312-9... 

The fourth step damage and risk firstly comprises the damage, i.e. the consequences of the accident (Example x fatalities following chlorine exposure, y cases of grave acne from chlorine). 

Improvement of the washing safety and quality control of washing results, damage and risks, noise reduction, etc. 

A. G. Searle, Chromosome damage and risk assessment, in Proceedings IV International Congress of Human Genetics (J. de Grouchy, F. J. G. Ebling, and I. W. Henderson, eds.) pp. 58-66, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam (1972). 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

Repair. Repairs for damaged bonded structure can be either mechanical or adhesively bonded. Mechanical repairs are metallic doublers on one or both sides of a damaged component, held on by fasteners. The fasteners transfer the load through the doubler around the damaged site and restore part functionality. Although common for metal-to-metal bonded structure, mechanical repair of sandwich structure is rare because of the risk of further delamination. Unless the doubler and fasteners are perfectly sealed, water can travel into the honeycomb core eventually causing freeze-thaw damage and delamination. 

In many cases, it is not readily apparent how the potential impacts from different hazards can be translated into some common scale or measure. For example, how do you compare long term environmental damage and health risks from use of CFG refrigerants to the immediate risk of fatality from the fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards associated with many alternative refrigerants This question does not have a right answer. It is not really a scientific question, but instead it is a question of values. Individuals, companies, and society must determine how to value different kinds of risks relative to each other, and base decisions on this evaluation. 

Core damage and containment performance was assessed for accident sequences, component failure, human error, and containment failure modes relative to the design and operational characteristics of the various reactor and containment types. The IPEs were compared to standards for quality probabilistic risk assessment. Methods, data, boundary conditions, and assumptions are considered to understand the differences and similarities observed. 

Safety air technology, including risk assessment, that minimizes damages and hazards caused by accidents, fire, and explosion... 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

Extensive research is currently underway to use biological markers (biomarkers) in exposure and risk assessment. Biomarkers include the reaction products of chemicals or their metabolic products with biological macromolecules, especially with DNA. They also involve indicators of effect, such as chromosomal damage, and indicators of individual genetic susceptibility. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

Glucocorticoids increase the risk of gastrointestinal complications caused by NSAEDs. Considerable caution is necessary when using NSAIDs in patients with severe liver and kidney damage and they should not be combined with coumarines. Owing to the limited experience obtained, these precautions and contraindications also apply to COX-2-selective inhibitors. 

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