Environment Gastrointestinal

KETOCONAZOLE This drug is given with food to minimize gastrointestinal irritation. Tablets may be crushed. Ketoconazole is absorbed best in an acid environment. Do not administer antacids, anticholinergics, or histamine blockers until at least 2 hours after ketoconazole is given. 

Based on the limited human and animal data, it is not possible to predict whether or not triehloroethylene exposure at levels found in the environment and at hazardous waste sites can result in gastrointestinal effects. 

Rice bran fiber has fructo-oligosaccharides - a pre-biotic that helps friendly bacteria to proliferate in the gastrointestinal environment and improves intestinal and colon health (Tomlin and Read, 1988). Recent studies in humans (Kahlon and Chow, 1997) have revealed that rice bran fiber not only normalizes bowel function, but also helps in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn s disease, and lowers the lipid levels. Rice bran fiber has been shown to significantly reduce renal stones (Jahnen et al., 1992). It is a good source of fiber in weight loss programs and therapeutic fiber diets for diabetics and heart patients. Fiber diets prevent cancer of the colon and large bowel, control obesity and improve bowel function. 

The fiber of rice bran products, especially the RiceMucil is helpful in maintaining normal gastrointestinal and colon health (Tomlin and Read, 1988). It helps in bowel regularity. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and colitis get excellent relief with RiceMucil . As has been mentioned in the earlier part of this chapter, the fiber of rice bran is non-bloating and lactose free, and the acidic environment the fiber creates during the fermentation of undigested food improves colon health and induces all the healthy enzymes and fnendly bacteria to proliferate (Folino et al, 1995 Life Sciences News Letter, 1999). It has been scientifically demonstrated to have an excellent nutritional support for gut and colon health. 

Rafii F, W Franklin, RH Hetlich, CE Cerniglia (1991) Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by anaerobic bacteria isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 51 962-968. 

Sebastien, P., Masse, R. and Bignon, J. (1980). Recovery of ingested asbestos fibers from the gastrointestinal lymph in rats. Environ. Res. 22, 201-216. 

Surgeoner, B. V., Chapman, B. J., and Powell, D. A. (2009). University students hand hygiene practice during a gastrointestinal outbreak in residence What they say they do and what they actually do. /. Environ. Health 72,24-28. 

Pancreatic enzyme replacement is the mainstay of gastrointestinal therapy. Most enzyme products are formulated as capsules containing enteric-coated microspheres or microtablets to avoid inactivation of enzymes in the acidic stomach instead, they dissolve in the more alkaline environment of the duodenum. Capsules may be opened and the microbeads swallowed with food, as long as they are not chewed. A powder form is available for patients unable to swallow the capsules or microbeads, but bioavailability is poor. While products may contain similar enzyme ratios, they are not bioequivalent and cannot be substituted. Generic enzyme products generally display poor dissolution and should not be used.5 Table 13-3 lists commonly used enzyme replacement products. 

Bulman RA, Johnson TE, Ham GJ, et al. 1993. Speciation of plutonium in potato and the gastrointestinal transfer of plutonium and americium from potato. Sci Total Environ 129 267-289. 

Ham GJ, Harrison JD, Popplewell DS, et al. 1994. The gastrointestinal absorption of neptunium, plutonium and americium in a primate (C. jacchus). Sci Total Environ 145 1-6. 

Harrison JD. 1991. The gastrointestinal absorption of the actinide elements. Sci Total Environ 100 43-... 

Harrison JD, Naylor GPL, Stather JW. 1994. The gastrointestinal absorption of plutonium and americium in rats and guinea pigs after ingestion of dusts from the former nuclear weapons site at Maralinga Implications for human exposure. Sci Total Environ 143 211-220. 

Naylor GPL, Haines JW, Whysall K, et al. 1993. Measurements of the gastrointestinal absorption and tissue distribution of plutonium, americium and polonium in experimental animals. Sci Total Environ 130 429-435. 

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a highly specialized region of the body whose primary functions involve the processes of secretion, digestion, and absorption. Since all nutrients needed by the body, with the exception of oxygen, must first be ingested orally, processed by the GIT, and then made available for absorption into the bloodstream, the GIT represents a significant barrier and interface with the environment. The primary defense mechanisms employed by the gut... 

The examination of over 50 PAMPA lipid models has led to an optimized model for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption. Table 7.22 shows six properties of the GIT, which distinguish it from the blood-brain barrier (BBB) environment. 

Blake KCH, Barbezat GO, Mann M. 1983. Effect of dietary constituents on the gastrointestinal absorption of 203Pb in man. Environ Res 30 182-187. 

---