Cow s milk

Colourless liquid. B.p. 286 C/100 mm., insoluble in water. Oleic acid occurs naturally in larger quantities than any other fatty acid, being present as glycerides in most fats and oils. It forms one third of the total fatty acids of cow s milk. A crude grade from inedible tallow is used in the production of lubricants, detergents, resins and other products. 

The mmen is not functional at birth and milk is shunted to the abomasum. One to two weeks after birth, the neonate consumes soHd food if offered. A calf or lamb that is nursing tends to nibble the mother s feed. An alternative method of raising the neonate is to remove it from its mother at a very young age, <1 week. A common example of an early weaning situation is the dairy calf that is removed from the cow soon after birth so that the cow s milk supply might be devoted entirely to production. In this instance, the neonate requires complete dietary supplementation with milk replacer. Sources of milk replacer protein have traditionally included milk protein but may also include soybean proteins, fish protein concentrates, field bean proteins, pea protein concentrates, and yeast protein (4). Information on the digestibiUty of some of these protein sources is available (4). 

La.ctose, Lactose [63-42-3] (milk sugar), 20, makes up about 5% of cow s milk. Lactose is a disaccharide composed of D-glucose... 

The recommended daily allowances of calcium are children to 10 years of age, 360—800 mg teenage children, 1200 mg adults, 800 mg, increasing to 1200 mg during pregnancy and lactation (29). Cow s milk suppHes ca 1.27 g/L of calcium in available form. 

Casein is a protein found in a number of animal and vegetable materials but only one source is of commercial interest, cow s skimmed milk. The amount of casein in milk will vary but a typical analysis of cow s milk is ... 

Lino CM, da Silveira MIN. 1992. Organophosphorus pesticide residues in cow s milk Levels of c/s -mevinfos, methyl-parathion, and paraoxon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49 211-216. 

WILSON G (1999) Soy allergy in infants and children with IgE-associated cow s milk allergy. / Perfiarr. 134 (5) 614-22. 

Xanthine dehydrogenase that mediates the conversion of hypoxanthine into xanthine and uric acid has been studied extensively since it is readily available from cow s milk. It has also been studied (Leimkiihler et al. 2004) in the anaerobic phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus, and the crystal structures of both enzymes have been solved. Xanthine dehydrogenase is a complex flavoprotein containing Mo, FAD, and [2Fe-2S] redox centers, and the reactions may be rationalized (Hille and Sprecher 1987) ... 

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin cofactor for the activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. Almost all neonates are vitamin K-deficient at as a result of (1) insignificant transplacental vitamin K crossover, (2) lack of colonization of the colon by vitamin K-producing bacteria, and (3) inadequate dietary vitamin K intake (especially in breast-fed infants because human milk contains less vitamin K than infant formula or cow s milk). Vitamin K-deficiency bleeding (VKDB) refers to bleeding attributable to vitamin K deficiency within first 6 months of life. It occurs in three general time frames early (0-24 hours), classic (1-7 days), and late (2-12 weeks). Early onset occurs rarely and usually is associated with maternal ingestion of anticonvulsants, rifampin, isoniazid, and warfarin. Classic vitamin K-dependent bleeding usually results from the lack of prophylactic vitamin K administration in... 

The study of diisopropyl methylphosphonate distribution in a lactating Jersey cow was the only study that used multiple doses of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (Ivie 1980). In this single cow, radioactivity was detected in the blood 2 hours after dosing with [14C]-radiolabeled compound but not in the tissues. The animal had received diisopropyl methylphosphonate in one gelatin capsule for 5 days before the radiolabeled dose was administered. If tissue uptake in the cow was similar to that in dogs, measurements made 2 hours after dosing may not have provided an opportunity to measure tissue uptake of label. After 24 hours, 0.1% of the administered label was found in the cow s milk (Ivie 1980). 

In a single lactating Jersey cow, 30% of a [14C]-radiolabeled dose of 10 mg/kg/day was excreted in the urine 4 hours after dosing, and 84% was excreted in a 96-hour period (Ivie 1980). The amount of label after 96 hours was 7% in the feces and less than 1% in the cow s milk. Before being given the radiolabeled material, the cow had been administered unlabelled diisopropyl methylphosphonate in a gelatin capsule for 5 consecutive days. 

Results of chronic feeding studies show that dietary concentrations of chlordane between 0.76 and 5 mg/kg ration did not affect survival but did produce adverse effects on various species of laboratory animals and livestock (Table 13.5). Dietary concentrations of 0.76 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.09 mg/kg BW daily) were associated with enlarged livers in mice, 1.0 mg/kg produced elevated residues in cow s milk, 2.5 mg/kg resulted in liver pathology in rats, 3 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.075 mg/kg BW daily) produced high residues in fat of dogs, and 5 mg/kg caused liver pathology in mice (Table 13.5). 

Fanelli, R., M.P. Bertoni, M. Bonfanti, M.G. Castelli, C. Chiabrando, G.R Martelli, M.A. Noe, A. Noseda, S. Garattini, C. Binaghi, V. Marazza, F. Pezza, D. Pozzoli, and G. Cigognetti. 1980a. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibcnzo-p-dioxin in cow s milk from the contaminated area of Seveso, Italy. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 634-639. 

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