Cost reduction improvement

Financial goal Cost reduction / Improved profit of existing plants New sources of revenue... 

Although RO water desalination is today considered as the most cost-effective solution [4], key factors for further improvements in membrane-based desalination systems are enhancement of water-recovery factor, cost reduction, improvement of water quality, new brine-disposal strategies. All these issues can be addressed by an integrated approach. 

This approach was originally developed, like lean thinking, in Japanese business practice and involves the creation of an extended networks of inter-linked suppliers within a supply chain, all of whom are focused on delivering innovation in products and services, either in the form of functional or cost reduction improvements. The practice normally involves the creation of extended long-term supplier associations focused on passing value improvements throughout the supply chain to the customer. 

With the advent of advanced electronic devices such as handy phone and personal computer, the demand for surface mountable chip components continues to increase. Under this circumstance, the principal developments in ceramic capacitor industry are miniaturization, improvement of volumetric efficiency, cost reduction, improvement in reliability and the design of new products with high performance. 

Oxide and nonoxide refractory fibers have become essential materials for use in modem high temperature industrial processes and advanced commercial appHcations. Future process improvements, cost reductions, and performance enhancements are expected to expand the uses and markets for these specialized fibrous materials. 

The trend toward lower proof beverages will also likely continue because of new consumer preferences, cost reduction, and tax savings opportunities. Pressures to improve production efficiencies and lower costs will increase and new technology must play a greater role in this area. Distilled beverages have been produced for several thousands of years and will continue to be consumed in an ever increasing variety of forms and packages. 

The impact of a knowledge-based application may appear in many ways improved competitive position, quality improvement, improvement in efficiency, cost reduction, and reduction in downtime, to name a few. Some of these benefits may be hard to quantify others may not be quantifiable at all. For example, the actual benefit derived from a diagnostic advisory system may not be apparent if the process behaves normally. To quantify the benefits, a careful post-audit may have to be done, taking into account the number of faults averted, and comparing the frequency of faults before and after implementation. 

The presentation will focus on the differences and similarities of these systems as well as problems encountered in their practical use. By looking at the analytical process chain characteristics, such as the reliability and traceability of data, documentation standards and total costs of QM are discussed and evaluated. Suggestions for harmonization of QM-Systems and reduction of bureaucracy will be made, resulting in an improvement of the overall practical applicability and cost reduction of QM. 

Standard turboexpander-compressor sets designed and manufactured by competent manufactureres embody many of the reliability improvement and maintenance cost reduction features inherent in API (American Petroleum Institute) standards for other turbomachines. To achieve close compliance, however, the owner/purchasers must know their specific needs or requirements. Nevertheless, it may not be practical, feasible, or economically justified to achieve full compliance with API specifications, which were generally devised without giving thought to the peculiarities of turboexpanders and their sometimes differing operating environments. 

Fillers may be broadly defined as solid particulates or fibrous materials, substantially inert chemically, incorporated in polymer compositions to modify the properties and/or to reduce cost. Cost reduction is not the primary reason to incorporate fillers in adhesives but they are used to impart specific properties such as flow, improved adhesion, mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties, chemical and weather resistance, and rheological behaviour. 

Prioritize Safety Improvements. This uses the detailed analysis (2) to identify items having high risk importance. Engineering analysis identifies and costs candidate improvements which are selected on the bn. o of risk reduction for a given cost. ... 

Quality, service, cost, and technology are not mutually exclusive. One can t distinguish between a quality improvement and a service or technology improvement. It was necessary only to mention quality and cost, as an improvement in service must be an improvement in either the quality or cost of the service - all other factors come within the definition of quality. Improvements in technology are also improvements in quality or cost. Such improvements may improve the quality of design, quality of conformance, or quality of use (see Part 1 Chapter 1 under Quality parameters) or may cause a reduction in cost while not providing any change in product or service characteristics. 

Even in a simple hydrogen fuel cell system, capital cost reduction requires improvements in many diverse areas, such as catalyst loadings, air pressuriza-... 

The purpose of this article is to indicate and illustrate the very wide range of factors, apart from and beyond questions of underlying chemistry and chemical specificity, that determine or constrain the utility of various investigative efforts in catalyst research they also define the continuing and progressive contributions to the chemical industry which the catalyst chemist can make. The ultimate criteria are nearly always found in cost reduction and/or in product diversification and improvement. 

Mineral oils also known as extender oils comprise of a wide range of minimum 1000 different chemical components (Figure 32.6) and are used extensively for reduction of compound costs and improved processing behaviors.They are also used as plastisizers for improved low temperature properties and improved rubber elasticity. Basically they are a mixture of aromatic, naphthanic, paraffinic, and polycyclic aromatic (PCA) materials. Mostly, 75% of extender oils are used in the tread, subtread, and shoulder 10%-15% in the sidewall approximately 5% in the inner Uner and less than 10% in the remaining parts for a typical PCR tire. In total, one passanger tire can contain up to 700 g of oil. 

Improve existing processes (by chemists and engineers), including cost reductions... 

In the preceding chapters some of the main chemical developments that can help reduce waste, lower harmful emissions, improve process efficiency and generally aid development of more sustainable products and processes were discussed. In this and the following chapter the focus will be more on those aspects of technology that can lead to improved process and energy efficiency as well as process cost reduction. 

After preliminary evaluation of the discovery route (scheme 1), we concluded that the overall yield of RWJ-26240 should be improved and that the use of NaCNBH. should be eliminated, since it produces a waste stream containing HCN or NaCN. Replacement of the expensive silver reagent, silver acetate, would permit significant cost reduction. The copper-catalyzed palladium coupling step would lead to palladium as a contaminant in the final product.177 Since a drug substance containing palladium would not be acceptable, this step would also have to be revised. 

Synthetic carbonaceous materials are widely used in these applications. Several types of synthetic materials (e.g. graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB), graphitized milled carbon fiber, and even, initially, hard carbons) became the materials of choice at the time of commercialization of first successful lithium-ion batteries in late 1980s. New trends, mainly driven by cost reduction and need for improved performance, currently shift focus towards application of natural graphite. 

Economies of production personnel can still be achieved today, and a unit cost reduction of 30-50% is possible. Physical properties of mouldings can be enhanced and the adhesion of the bond in a rubber-metal part is improved. Tool costs can be cheaper than for compression press methods because the throughput is greater. 

It is noted that all the candidate compressors mentioned earlier are costly in capital, energy, and operations and maintenance (O M). Advances have centered on the optimization of subsystems for cost reduction and improvement of the energy efficiency of gaseous hydrogen compression. Centrifugal compression and electrochemical hydrogen... 

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