Desalination systems

Croat and Associates Suppliers of filtration equipment and filter media including membranes, reverse osmosis and desalination systems. http //croalassociates.com... 

Boca Raton reverse osmosis desalination system, 26 82... 

Multistage flash (MSF) processes, 21 650 Multistage flash desalination, 26 59 Multistage flash evaporation, 26 61-65, 97 energy required by, 26 86 in hybrid desalination systems, 26 95-96 schematic flow and temperature diagram of, 26 62... 

Seawater reverse osmosis, 26 97 Seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems, 26 80... 

Figure 10.11 Comparison of the theoretical energy consumption and the actual energy consumption of electrodialysis desalination systems. Most of the difference results from concentration polarization effects [24]...

CADDET Center for Renewable Energy. A Solar Desalination System Using the Membrane Distillation Process. Technical Brochure No. 46, 2001. 

The first application developed for smart hydrogels was somewhat mundane. They were used as a liner for golf shoes and in-line skates that takes the shape of the wearer s foot as the result of heat released by the foot, but researchers have envisioned a much broader and more significant number and variety of applications for such materials. Proposed applications include optical shutters actuators and sensors for chemical, heat, and electrical systems valves chemical memory systems fluid switches absorbents for chemical and petroleum spills diapers cosmetics and desalination systems. Thus far, however, the greatest interest has been in biomedical applications of hydrogels. 

Although RO water desalination is today considered as the most cost-effective solution [4], key factors for further improvements in membrane-based desalination systems are enhancement of water-recovery factor, cost reduction, improvement of water quality, new brine-disposal strategies. All these issues can be addressed by an integrated approach. 

A suitable solution is the possibility to redesign completely a desalination system by also introducing MC operations [9-11]. 

Figure 12.1 Scheme of an UF-RO membrane integrated desalination system [8]. 

An integrated membrane desalination system based on NF, RO, and MD has been proposed [11]. In this system a NF unit has been used as pretreatment, while the M D contributed to concentrate the two brine streams from both NFand RO (Figure 12.2). 

Figure 12.3 Flow sheet of an integrated desalination system utilizing membrane crystallization units (IS5, Ref. 10).

Table 12.2 Comparison of five integrated desalination systems (Data from Ref. [10].)...

Figure for Prob. 13.12. Solar Water Desalinization System. 

Glueckstern P. and Priel M. (1998) Advanced concept of large desalination system for Israel. International Water Services Association Conference, Membranes in drinking and Industrial water production, Amsterdam, Holland, September, 1998. 

Clueckstem P. and Priel M., Advanced concept of large seawater desalination systems for Israel. Desalination 119 1998 33 5. Chapman H., Vigneswaran S., Ngo H.H., Dyer S., and Ben A.R., Pre-flocculation of secondary treated wastewater in enhancing the performance of microfiltration. Desalination 146 2002 367-372. 

Criscuoli, A. and Drioli, E. Energetic and exergetic analysis of an integrated membrane desalination system. Desalination, 124, 243, 1999. 

Desal-5 Desalination Systems, Vista, California NaCl 1,000 ppm 25°C, 10 bar 46 47... 

K.B. Franca, H.M. Laborde, and H. Neff, Solar Powered Water Desalination Systems,... 

The oldest method of desalination, distillation, accounts for more than 90 percent of the approximately 500 million gallons per day capacity of the desalination systems currently in operation worldwide. The process involves vaporizing seawater and then condensing the pure water vapor. Most distillation systems use heat energy to do this. Attempts to reduce the cost of distillation include the use of solar radiation as the energy source. This approach is attractive because sunshine is normally more intense in arid lands, where the need for water is also greatest. However, despite intensive research and development efforts, several en-... 

A desalination system on this roof in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is using 210 photovoltaic modules to supply operating power. 

A guide to the overall performance of a wide variety of typical vertical evaporator tubes with condensing outside and vaporization inside is given in Fig. 11.25. This survey by Alexander and Hoffman [164] was specifically directed at vertical-tube evaporators for desalination systems. It is seen that the best surfaces yield increases in overall coefficient up to 200 percent. 

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