Corn extracts

Condensed fermented corn extractives Vitamin A Vitamin D Aureomycin... 

Corcuera, L. J. (1974) Identification of the major active component present in corn extracts inhibitory to soft rot, Erwinia species. PhD thesis. Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. 

The E163 additives (different types of plant/fruit extracts such as grape skin extracts, blackcurrant extracts, purple corn extract, and red cabbage extracts) are not strictly considered antioxidant additives however, the antioxidant properties of anthocyanin fiavonoids are already well described [42]. Anthocyanins constitute a natural pigment with functional properties [43] and they have been used in cheese manufacture [44]. 

Polymyxin M is produced by B, polymyxa Ross, in a medium containing corn extract (0.25%), NaCl (0.05%), ammonium sulfate (0.5%), sucrose (3 to 4%) and calcium carbonate (0.3%) (Ilyinskaya and Rossovskaya, 1958). 

In this period, the empirical healing of certain diseases by foods was estabUshed. Examples (3) were the treatment of night blindness (vitamin A deficiency) with hver ia many cultures over centuries, of beriberi (vitamin deficiency) by use of unpoHshed rice by the Japanese navy, of scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) by citms fmits ia the British navy or piae needle extracts by North American natives, and pellagra (niacia deficiency) by a dietary shift away from corn-based foods ia many countries. Other, nondietary empirical treatments iavolved, eg, exposure of children ia northern latitudes to sunlight to cute tickets (vitamin D deficiency) (4). 

Batch extraction of octanoic acid from water and corn syrup into xylene, paraffin oil, and their mixtures baffled vessel, turbine impeller. proportional to... 

Fe" (2 ppm), casein hydrolyzate (0.2 g/dl), yeast extract (0.2 g/dl), corn steep liquor (0.2 ml/dl), polypeptone (0.1 g/dl), meat extract (0.1 g/dl) and sodium ribonucleate (10 mg/dl) were poured into respective test tubes and each tube was sterilized at 115°C for 10 minutes. Thereafter separately sterilized calcium carbonate was added in the amount of 2 g/dl and then cells of Bacillus subtUis S26910 were Inoculated into the above media and cultured with shaking at 30°C for 20 hours. 

The yield was highest with starch or dextrin, intermediate and about the same with sucrose, glucose, maltose and lactose and poorest with glycerol. Kanamycin was produced by media containing soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or meat extract, with or without sodium nitrate. Commercially available soybean meal was recognized to be one of the best nitrogen sources. The addition of corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or nitrate to the soybean meal promoted the production of kanamycin. 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

It has also been found by Sair and Fetzer 28) that extraction of certain solubles from corn by treatment with alcohol materially hastens the speed of drying in a vacuum oven. 

The insect s choice of food may be governed to a considerable extent, as ours is, by attractants and repellents. In many instances, the actual insecticidal action of plant extractives may be due primarily to an artificially high level of application, while, in fact, the parent plants are only repellent in the field. This repellency may appear to be resistance on the part of the plant, and the chemistry of such resistance factors has begun to receive much-needed attention. For example, Smissman and his coworkers have examined the chemical basis for the inherited resistance of some strains of corn to attack by the European corn borer. 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (X) was isolated (2, SO) and shown to be one of the principal resistance factors, and a number of synthetic analogs were found to... 

This sample preparation involved, firstly, an extraction and the elimination of the solid matrix by filtration and, secondly, a concentration procedure employing a solid phase extraction cartridge. The compounds of interest were separated solely by dispersive interactions with the reversed phase. In the example given, the corn meal was spiked with the aflatoxins. 

Fifty grams of the corn meal was blended with 100 ml of an 80% methanol 20% water mixture for about a minute and the corn meal removed by filtration. The extraction cartridge was packed with a bonded phase carrying cyanopropylmethyl chains that would exhibit... 

In contrast to AGX, the GAX consists of an arabinoxylan backbone, which contains about ten times fewer uronic acid side chains than a-L-Ara/ ones, and has some Xylp residues doubly substituted with these sugars. GAX are located in the non-endospermic tissues of cereal grains such as in wheat, corn, and rice bran. The degree and pattern of substitution of GAX appears to vary with the source from which they are extracted. These differences are reflected in the ratio of Ara to Xyl, the content of MeGlcA, and the presence... 

The aim of this chapter is to summarize some of the research findings on xylan, a natural polymer extracted from corn cobs, which presents a promising application in the development of colon-specific drug carriers. Physicochemical characterization of the polymer regarding particle size and morphology, composition, rheology, thermal behavior, and crystallinity will be provided. Additionally, research data on its extraction and the development of microparticles based on xylan and prepared by different methods will also be presented and discussed. 

The most common method to extract xylan is the alkaline extraction. Several pretreatment methods can be used in association in order to break the covalent bonds that exist between xylan and other carbohydrates during the extraction (Wang Zhang, 2006). A number of articles studied the use of ultrasound on the xylan extraction. Hromadkova and coworkers reported that 36.1% of xylan was extracted from corn cobs with 5% NaOH solution at 60°C for 10 min of ultrasonication in comparison with 31.5% of xylan in the classical extraction. Both extractive methods yielded xylan with immunogenic properties (Hromadkova et al., 1999). 

Wang and Zhang also investigated the effects on the xylan extracted from corn cobs enhanced by ultrasound at various lab-scale conditions. Results showed that the optimization conditions of xylan extraction should be carried out using (i) 1.8 M NaOH, (ii) corn cobs to NaOH solution ratio of 1 25 (w/w), (iii) sonication at 200 W ultrasound power for 30 min at 5 min intervals, and (iv) 60 °C (Wang Zhang, 2006). 

The efficiency of extraction was observed to be inversely proportional to the corn cob particle size. This was expected because the size reduction corresponds to an increase in total particle surface area. An increase in the time of the alkaline extraction and in the NaOH concentration also improves the efficiency of xylan extraction. This happened because when the NaOH concentration was lower, the xylan present in corn cobs could not be fully dissolved in the solution. Thus, it resulted in lower efficiency of xylan extraction. However, when the NaOH concentration was higher than 2 M, the yields decreased with continuously increasing of the NaOH concentration. This is probably due to the alkaline degradation of xylan chains, proceeding at the higher NaOH concentration, which indicated that the ideal NaOH concentration in the extraction was between 1.5 and 1.8 M (Unpublished data). 

Fig. 2. SEM image of xylan powder after extraction from corn cobs (Oliveira et al., 2010).

Table 1. Rheological properties of xylan powder extracted from corn cobs...

Similarly, after a longer time of incubation, no significant changes in the cell proliferation rate was detected, as can be seen in the data for 72 h (Figure 13). In fact, this was expected due to the biocompatible nature of xylan. As a natural polyssacharide, this type of biomaterial is considered to be highly stable, non-toxic and hydrophilic (Liu et al., 2008). Accordingly, the alkaline extraction of xylan from corn has proved to be a safe approach for obtaining the polymer with no relevant toxicity (Unpublished data). 

Hromadkova, Z., Kovacikova, J. Ebringerova, A. (1999). Study of the classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction of the corn cob xylan. Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 9, 2, (Januar 1999), pp. (101-109), ISSN 0926-6690... 

Plant extracts containing xanthophyll diesters are saponified in composition of propylene glycol and aqueous alkali to form crystals crystallization of xanthophylls is achieved without use of organic solvents crystals are isolated and purified Xanthophylls obtained from corn gluten meal at 50 C using ethanol with ethoxyquin as antioxidant... 

Separation and detection methods The common methods used to separate the Cr(III)/(VI) species are solvent extraction, chromatography and coprecipitation. In case of Cr(VI) from welding fumes trapped on a filter, a suitable leaching of the Cr(VI) from the sample matrix is needed, without reducing the Cr(VI) species. The most used detection methods for chromium are graphite furnace AAS, chemiluminescence, electrochemical methods, ICP-MS, thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry (Vercoutere and Cornelis 1995)- The separation of the two species is the most delicate part of the procedure. 

The method using GC/MS with selected ion monitoring (SIM) in the electron ionization (El) mode can determine concentrations of alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor and other major corn herbicides in raw and finished surface water and groundwater samples. This GC/MS method eliminates interferences and provides similar sensitivity and superior specificity compared with conventional methods such as GC/ECD or GC/NPD, eliminating the need for a confirmatory method by collection of data on numerous ions simultaneously. If there are interferences with the quantitation ion, a confirmation ion is substituted for quantitation purposes. Deuterated analogs of each analyte may be used as internal standards, which compensate for matrix effects and allow for the correction of losses that occur during the analytical procedure. A known amount of the deuterium-labeled compound, which is an ideal internal standard because its chemical and physical properties are essentially identical with those of the unlabeled compound, is carried through the analytical procedure. SPE is required to concentrate the water samples before analysis to determine concentrations reliably at or below 0.05 qg (ppb) and to recover/extract the various analytes from the water samples into a suitable solvent for GC analysis. 

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