Core data

A hole section which has been cored will subsequently be logged using wireline tools (see later in this section). A gamma ray (GR) measurement will be taken from the core itself, thus allowing calibration of wireline logs with core data. 

The JCAMP-DX file format is split into the sections CORE and NOTES with the intention of keeping less important data separated from the essential content. The CORE itself contains CORE HEADER and CORE DATA. NOTES are just between HEADER and DATA (see Figure 4-4 for an example). 

The first step is to determine the number of turns needed for the primary winding. For this, the parameters from the core data sheet of the particular core and core material are used. Also, the minimum level of flux density already should have been determined (refer to Appendix D). The equation for determining the number of turns for the primary winding in the CGS System (U.S.) is... 

The estimated response time of CaCOa compensation, on the order of a few thousand years, is a serious problem because the ice core data do not show such a long delay in atmospheric CO2 changes with respect to temperature changes. Such a long delay may preclude CaCOa compensation as an important process in predicting atmospheric CO2 in the next few centuries. 

Siegenthaler, U. and Oeschger, H. (1987). Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data, Tellus 39B. 

Fig. 18-11 Records of atmospheric CO2 in Antarctica for the past 1000 years. Open circles are ice-core data from Law Dome, on the coast of east Antarctica (Etheridge et al., 1996). Plus signs are direct measurements of CO2 in air samples collected monthly at the South Pole (NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado).

In practice when reservoir parameters such as porosities and permeabilities are estimated by matching reservoir model calculated values to field data, one has some prior information about the parameter values. For example, porosity and permeability values may be available from core data analysis and well test analysis. In addiction, the parameter values are known to be within certain bounds for a particular area. All this information can be incorporated in the estimation method of the simulator by introducing prior parameter distributions and by imposing constraints on the parameters (Tan and Kalogerakis, 1993). 

It is reasonable to assume that the most probable values of the parameters have normal distributions with means equal to the values that were obtained from well test and core data analyses. These are the prior estimates. Each one of these most probable parameter values (kBj, j=l,...,p) also has a corresponding standard deviation parameter estimate. As already discussed in Chapter 8 (Section 8.5) using maximum likelihood arguments the prior information is introduced by augmenting the LS objective function to include... 

Figure 6. The 2I0Pb excess profiles in two deep-sea sediment cores (data from Refs. 68 and 69). The data yield particle mixing coefficients in the range of 100...

Figure 7. Depth profiles of UC in two cores (data from Refs. 68 and 10). The near constant age up to about 8 cm from the core top is attributable to mixing. The thickness of the mixed layer is indicated by the arrows.

The requirements of Directive 98/8/EC (the Biocidal Products Directive) are briefly outlined and the possible effects of the implementation of this Directive on the market for biocides and development of biocides are considered. The general time-frame for the Directive is indicated and a list of the dossier requirements for the common core data set for active substances is included together with a list of the data required to be submitted under section VI on the toxicological profile for man and animals. 4 refs. 

The reference safety information is the company core data sheet to determine whether an ADR is listed or unlisted. 

Fig. 9.7 Isotope records of abrupt climate change at the Younger-Dryas Preboreal transition 11,600 years BP taken from Greenland ice core data. The 8lsO, 815N2, and 840Ar isotopic records are plotted from top to bottom (Reprinted from Grachev, A. M. and Severinghaus, J. P. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 513 (2005), copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier)...

In order to use this teehnology for environmental purposes, the data obtained through the geophysieal investigation had to be calibrated on the basis of the structural-geologieal survey and on core data obtained from the boreholes so that the environmental eharaeteristics of the investigated sub-surfaee eould be attributed to them. 

Soil core data are available for only six of the pesticides discussed in this paper. The six pesticides are aldlcarb atrazlne 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 1,2-dlchloropro-pane (DCP) 1,2-dlbromoethane (EDB) and slmazlne. Cores were always sampled at depths greater than one meter and the soil was characterized physically and chemically. The importance of soil core sampling in pesticide leaching assessments is presented in the Discussion section. 

DCP has been found In ground water In about 3 Maryland wells (7 ), about 30 Long Island, New York wells (37), and over 60 California wells (89) at levels typically ranging between 1 ppb and 50 ppb. Soil core data from California showed that DCP was detected as far as 7 m down at 0.2-2,2 ppb (89). 

In this section are more detailed discussions about soil sorption, volatility, soil core data and photolysis data and how they bear on leaching potential. 

Fig. 3.47 Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the time period from 45000 to 30000 years before present from GRIP and NGRIP ice core data (http //en.wiMpedia.0rg/wiId/Image Grip-ngrip-dol 8-...

The timeline should of course be as short as possible and it may be possible to conduct some studies in parallel or at least with a stagger rather than sequentially however, this must not be at the expense of the safety of the study subjects. Often there is no choice but to wait for the results of one study before starting the next. On the other hand, predefining the core data required for decision making, and making arrangements for rapid quality control and database lock, can substantially reduce the delays between studies. 

Results are presented of experiments undertaken by Gaiker in the manufacture of sandwich panels containing foam cores based on PETP recycled by a solid state polyaddition process developed by M G Ricerche. Panels were produced with glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester and epoxy resin skins, and allthermoplastic panels with PE, PP, PS and glass fibre-reinforced PETP skins were also produced. EVA hot melt adhesives and thermoset adhesives were evaluated in bonding glass fibre-reinforced PETP skins to the foam cores. Data are presented for the mechanical properties of the structures studied. 

The provision of efficacy data on biocidal products is a core data requirement for all product types. This information takes on central importance within the overall legislation. It not only indicates that a biocidal product can adequately control microorganisms in an application but in defining an efficacy concentration (or range) and method of application it also describes the playing field limits for the development of the associated human and environmental risk assessments. 

Haan, D., P. Martinerie, and D. Raynaud, Ice Core Data of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide over Antarctica and Greenland during the Last 200 Years, Geophys. Res. Lett, 23, 2235-2238 (f996). 

Figure 14.13 shows C02 concentrations measured in ice cores at the Byrd Station in Antartica from 5000 years before the present (bp) to 40,000 years bp (Anklin et al., 1997). The use of ice core data for elucidating atmospheric composition is discussed by Delmas (1992) and in more detail in Section E.l. As seen in Fig. 14.13, atmospheric C02 concentrations about 5000 years ago were only 280 ppm. (Note that interpretation of such ice core data must be carried out with care since there is evidence that in some cases, C02 can be produced in the ice from decomposition of carbonate e.g., see Smith et al., 1997.)... 

The first major link between the indirect effects of aerosol particles and climate is whether there has been an increase in particles and in CCN due to anthropogenic activities. As discussed in Chapter 2, anthropogenic emissions of particles and of gas-phase precursors to particles such as S02 have clearly increased since preindustrial times, and it is reasonable that CCN have also increased. Ice core data provide a record of some of the species that can act as CCN. Not surprisingly, sulfate and nitrate in the ice cores have increased substantially over the past century (Mayewski et al., 1986, 1990 Laj et al., 1992 Fischer et al., 1998). For example, Figure 14.43 shows the increases in sulfate and nitrate since preindustrial times in an ice core in central Greenland (Laj et al., 1992). Sulfate has increased by 300% and nitrate by 200%. This suggests that sulfate and nitrate CCN also increased, although not necessarily in direct proportion to the concentrations in the ice core measurements. 

The five warmest years for which there are surface temperature records have all been since 1990 (Jones et al., 1998), with the most recent year for which there are data (at the time of writing), 1997, being the warmest in the past century (see Kerr, 1998, and references therein). Mann et al. (1998) have used a variety of indirect indicators for temperature (e.g., ice core data see later) over the past 600 years in the Northern Hemisphere and report that mean annual temperatures for three of the eight years up to and including 1995 are higher than any since 1400 A.D. 

Data base version 05/92 distinguished between two types of data, core data and supplemental data . Core data are for elements commonly found as major solutes in natural waters. These data arc well established and have not been changed to any significant degree in the update. Supplemental data comprise actinides,... 

Pearson, F. J., Jr. Berner, U. 1991. Nagra Thermochemical Data Base 1. Core Data. Nagra Technical Report NTB 91-17, Nagra, Wettingen, Switzerland. 

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