Central Greenland

Fig. 18-5 Locations of important ice-core sites in Greenland and Antarctica (after Paterson, 1994). The two central Greenland sites, GISP2 and GRIP, are collectively known as Suiiunit.

Modem Temperatum-Depth Distribution In Central Greenland... 

Fig. 18-14 Ice-core methane record for the past 1000 years. Plus signs are data from Eurocore in central Greenland (Blunier et ah, 1993), and open circles are data from DE08, an ice core in East Antarctica (Etheridge et ah, 1992). Dots are monthly atmospheric data from the South Pole (NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado).

Fig. 18-22 The last 50 000 years of environmental history, recorded in central Greenland (GISP2 and GRIP ice cores), plus the CO2 record from Vostok, Antarctica, and global ice volume measured as sea level depression. (From top to bottom, references are Shackleton, 1987 Cuffey et ai, 1995 and Grootes et al, 1993 Cuffey and Clow, 1997 Chapellaz et al, 1990 Brook et al., 1996 Mayewski et al., 1997 Saltzman et al., 1997.)...

Alley, R. B., Finkel, R. C., Nishiizumi, K. et al. (1995). Changes in continental and sea-salt atmospheric loadings in central Greenland during the most recent deglaciation model-based estimates. /. Gla-ciol. 41,503-514. 

Cuffey, K. M., Clow, G. D., Alley, R. B. et al. (1995). Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition. Science 270, 455 58. Cuffey, K. M. and Clow, G. D. (1997). Temperature, accumulation and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition. /. Geophys. Res. 102, 26383-26396. 

Figure 6. Argon-39 ages vs. depth for a borehole at Station Crite in central Greenland. Key -X-. 3tAr-age ---, SisO (H. Clausen, Copenhagen) and-, linear regression.

Savarino, J., and M. Legrand, High Northern Latitude Forest Fires and Vegetation Emissions over the Last Millenium Inferred from the Chemistry of a Central Greenland Ice Core, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8267-8279 (1998). 

The first major link between the indirect effects of aerosol particles and climate is whether there has been an increase in particles and in CCN due to anthropogenic activities. As discussed in Chapter 2, anthropogenic emissions of particles and of gas-phase precursors to particles such as S02 have clearly increased since preindustrial times, and it is reasonable that CCN have also increased. Ice core data provide a record of some of the species that can act as CCN. Not surprisingly, sulfate and nitrate in the ice cores have increased substantially over the past century (Mayewski et al., 1986, 1990 Laj et al., 1992 Fischer et al., 1998). For example, Figure 14.43 shows the increases in sulfate and nitrate since preindustrial times in an ice core in central Greenland (Laj et al., 1992). Sulfate has increased by 300% and nitrate by 200%. This suggests that sulfate and nitrate CCN also increased, although not necessarily in direct proportion to the concentrations in the ice core measurements. 

FIGURE 14.43 (a) Sulfate and (b) nitrate (in /requiv L 1) in central Greenland ice cores from f750 to 1985 (adapted from Laj et al., f992). 

FIGURE 14-60 Relationship of ice core depth to years before the present (bp) and to the type of ice for the Central Greenland Ice Sheet. The Holocene and Wisconsin periods are also marked (adapted from Gow et at., 1997). 

Cuffey, K. M., and G. D. Clow, Temperature, Accumulation, and Ice Sheet Elevation in Central Greenland through the Last Deglacial Transition, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26383-26396 (1997). 

Figure 2 Changes in lead concentrations in snow j ice deposited in central Greenland from 1773 to 1992...

Figure 12 Normative garnet Iherzolite mineral abundances (wt.%) versus rock Mg for low-temperature cratonic mantle. Data are open circles, Kaapvaal craton (Boyd and Mertzman, 1987 and references therein) filled diamonds, Tanzanian craton (Lee and Rudnick, 1999) open triangle, Siberian craton (Boyd et al., 1997) cross. Slave craton, northwest Canada (Kopylova and Russell, 2000) filled triangle, northern Canadian craton (Schmidberger and Francis, 1999) and inverted triangle, central Greenland craton (Bernstein et al., 1998).

In this review, dealing with the temperature interpretation of isotopic ice core records, we will focus mainly on the Vostok core in central East Antarctica and on the GRIP and GISP 2 cores from central Greenland. The reason is that the effort undertaken to calibrate the isotopic paleothermometer through other estimates of... 

Wahlen M. D., Allen D., and Deck B. (1991) Initial measurements of CO2 concentrations (1530-1940 AD) in air occluded in the GISP2 ice core from central Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1457-1460. 

Patris N., Delmas R. J., Legrand M., De AngeUs M., Perron F. A., Stievenard M., and Jouzel J. (2002) First sulfur isotope measurements in central Greenland ice cores along the preindustrial and industrial periods. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 107(D11), article no. 4115. 

There is a wealth of data available on the world production of heavy metals during the past century or so (Nriagu, 1990b). Candelone et al. (1995) present historical Zn-Cd-Cu concentrations in snow/ice deposited at Summit, Central Greenland from 1773 to 1992. If one assumes that the 1773 concentrations are the result of natural... 

Table 7 Heavy metal deposition fluxes at Summit, Central Greenland.

Boyle E. A., Sherrell R. M., and Bacon M. P. (1994) Lead variability in the western North Atlantic Ocean and central Greenland ice implications for the search for decadal trends in anthropogenic emissions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3227-3238. 

Candelone J.-P., Hong S., Pellone C., and Boutron C. F. (1995) Post-industrial revolution changes in large-scale atmospheric pollution of the northern hemisphere by heavy metals as documented in central Greenland snow and ice. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16,605-16,616. 

A forty year record of mercury in central Greenland snow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25(17), 3315-3318. 

Cuffey, K.M., Alley, R.B., Grootes, P.M., Bolzan, J.M. and Anandakrishnan, S., 1994, Calibration of 6 0 isotopic paleothermomenter for central Greenland, using borehole temperatures, J. Glaciology 40 341-... 

Figure 3.4. Measured isotope abundance ratio in Summit (central Greenland)...

Figure 3.5. Lead concentration changes in central Greenland (Summit) snow and ice from the 1770s to present. Adapted from ref (35, 55).

Figure 3.7. Cu (a) and Zn (b) concentration profiles at Summit (Central Greenland)...

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