Contamination consumer products

Chapter 5 of the document reviews the UFs used by UK Government departments, agencies, and their advisory committees in human health risk assessment. Default values for UFs are provided in Table 3 in the UK document with the factors separated into four classes (1) animal-to-human factor, (2) human variability factor, (3) quality or quantity of data factor, and (4) severity of effect factor. The following chemical sectors are addressed food additives and contaminants, pesticides and biocides, air pollutants, drinking water contaminants, soil contaminants, consumer products and cosmetics, veterinary products, human medicines, medical devices, and industrial chemicals. 

Air contaminants are emitted to the indoor air from a wide variety of activities and consumer products, some of which are summarized in Table 11. Most indoor activities produce some types of pollutants. When using volatile products or engaging in the activities Hsted, care should be exercised to minimize exposure through proper use of the product and by providing adequate ventilation. 

EPA regulations also limit lead in drinking water to 0.015 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The 1988 Lead Contamination Control Act requires the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), EPA, and the states to recall or repair water coolers containing lead. This law also requires new coolers to be lead-free. In addition, drinking water in schools must be tested for lead, and the sources of lead in this water must be removed. 

After a switch to a new poly/(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin, a film residue was noted on the polished laminating plates used by a consumer product manufacturer. This residue needed to be identified so that the source of the contamination could be determined and eliminated. 

Because of the ubiquitous nature of FMs in consumer products, it is critical that any analytical chemistry laboratory measuring these compounds takes extra precautions to avoid laboratory contamination of samples. Several researchers [2,11,14-17] have pointed out that likely sources of FM contamination in the modern-day laboratory include the use of consumer products and fine fragrances by laboratory workers, fragrances in soaps used to clean glassware and the laboratory, and laboratory supplies such as gloves. 

Before beginning the analysis of FMs at low concentrations, the laboratory should analyze several laboratory blank samples to assess the degree to which the laboratory is contaminated. With every set of samples analyzed, the laboratory should also analyze a laboratory and field blank sample. Laboratory workers should be advised to be aware of their personal use of fragrance-enhanced consumer products and the potential for laboratory contamination. 

Yet just as all people are not alike, neither are all food crises alike. They can vary in their familiarity, severity, proximity, consequence, and the extent to which they can be avoided. This review covers a wide range of crises from bacteria contamination, to product tampering, to fears related to irradiation and biotechnology. Different types of crises will be evaluated differently by different groups of consumers. What has been done in this review is to focus on worst-case scenarios involving initial responses to food safety issues. These will provide the most clear and illustrative profiles of consumer response. Less extreme scenarios will elicit less extreme responses. 

Migration of nitrosamines into consumer products can occur via direct contact of materials such as waxed containers, elastic and rubber etc.81. Morpholine is used extensively as an industrial solvent for wax formulations. The wax formulations are used for coating fruits and vegetables to prevent moisture loss and increase shelf-life of the products. Paper and cardboard packed with morpholine was also found to give rise to NDMA, as these packaging materials were found to be contaminated with NDMA as well. Besides this, rubber products also provided a migratory source for both nitrosamines and nitros-able amine precursors, as trace levels of NDEA and TV-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) have been reported in cured meats with amine-based accelerators in the rubber nettings82. 

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or mad cow disease) is a progressive neurological degenerative disease in cattle. It is caused by a mutated protein called a prion. BSE was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1986. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare disease that occurs in humans. Evidence to date indicates it is possible for humans to acquire CJD after consuming BSE-contaminated cattle products. 

Under our laws individuals have the right to bring lawsuits against parties whose actions they believe have caused them harm. Harm (a tort ) can come in many forms, but here we are concerned with harm that may have been caused by a chemical (a drug or a consumer product, for example) or by exposure to a chemical contaminant in the... 

NARNING All Terramycin medicated supplements should be fed early in the spring or fall and consumed by the bee before main honey flow begins to avoid contamination of production honey. Honey or syrup stored during medication periods in combs for surplus honey should be removed following final medication of the bee colony and must not be used for human food. Honey from bee colonies likely to be infected with foul brood should not be used for preparation of medicated syrup supplements since it may be contaminated with spores of foul brood and may result in spreading the disease. ... 

Cadmium is a widely distributed metal used in manufacturing and is present in a number of consumer products. Dietary exposure to cadmium is possible from shellfish and plants grown on cadmium-contaminated soils. Absorption is increased when associated with low levels of iron or calcium in the diet. Some plants, such as tobacco, can concentrate cadmium from even low levels in the soil. The lung readily absorbs cadmium, thus cigarette smokers have elevated cadmium exposure. Cadmium is also used as a metal alloy, in paint, and in batteries (Ni-Cad, nickel-cadmium). Workplace exposure can occur in welding and battery manufacture. 

The presence of 7V-nitrosodiethanolamine is widespread in the environment as a contaminant of cutting fluids and oils, certain pesticides, antifreeze, a broad range of consumer products (including cosmetics, lotions and shampoos) and tobacco and foods at concentrations ranging from 1 to 130 000 ppb (Fan et al., 1977a,b lARC, 1978 Williams etal., 1978 Elder, 1980 Brunnemann et al., 1982-83 Loeppky et al., 1983 Spiegelhalder et al., 1984 Eisenbrand et al., 1991 Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). 

The production of PBBs in the United States ceased in 1979 (lARC 1986). In the past, PBBs were released to the environment during the manufacture of these compounds and disposal of commercial and consumer products containing these compounds (Hesse and Powers 1978 Neufeld et al. 1977). One of the significant sources of environmental contamination occurred as a result of the accidental mixup of FireMaster BP-6 with cattle food in a number of farms in the lower peninsula in Michigan (see Section 3.2 for additional details concerning this incident). By June 1975, 412 farms had been quarantined. Disposal of contaminated feed, animal carcasses (poultry, dairy cattle, swine), and animal products (dairy, meat, eggs) contributed to environmental contamination (Dunckel 1975 Kay 1977). No information was located on the current levels of contamination at these locations. 

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