Cadmium contamination

Zurera G, Estrada B, Rincon F, et al. 1987. Lead and cadmium contamination levels in edible vegetables. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38 805-812. 

Moreno J.L., Hernandez T., Garcia C. Effect of a cadmium-contaminated sewage sludge compost on dynamics of organic matter and microbial activity in an arid soil. Bio Ferti Soils 1999 28 230-237. 

European beaver, Castor fiber, Germany from cadmium-contaminated estuary ... 

Bertram, P.E. and B.A. Hart. 1979. Longevity and reproduction of Daphnia pulex (de Geer) exposed to cadmium-contaminated food or water. Environ. Pollut. 19 295-305. 

Caurant, F. and C. Amiard-Triquet. 1995. Cadmium contamination in pilot whales Globicephala melas source and potential hazard to the species. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30 207-210. 

Musante, C.L., M.R. Ellingwood, and D.E. Stilwell. 1993. Cadmium contamination of deer livers in Connecticut. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51 838-843. 

Diters, R.W. and S.W. Nielsen. 1978. Lead poisoning of raccoons in Connecticut. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 14 187-192. Dmowski, K. 1993. Lead and cadmium contamination of passerine birds (starlings) during their migration through a zinc smelter area. Acta Omithol. 28 1-9. 

Takijima Y, Katsumi F. 1973. Cadmium contamination of soils and rice plants caused by zinc mining. I. Production of high cadmium rice on the paddy fields in lower reaches of the mine station. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 19 29-38. 

Figure 6. Association reaction of Cd with benzene. Cd was formed by laser desorption/ionization from a cadmium-contaminated stainless steel surface and allowed to react with benzene at a pressure of about 5 x 10" torr. The spectrum shown is for a 6 s reaction time, after which the ions were excited by impulse excitation and detected by FTICR. The multiplets show the cadmium isotope pattern.

Cadmium is a widely distributed metal used in manufacturing and is present in a number of consumer products. Dietary exposure to cadmium is possible from shellfish and plants grown on cadmium-contaminated soils. Absorption is increased when associated with low levels of iron or calcium in the diet. Some plants, such as tobacco, can concentrate cadmium from even low levels in the soil. The lung readily absorbs cadmium, thus cigarette smokers have elevated cadmium exposure. Cadmium is also used as a metal alloy, in paint, and in batteries (Ni-Cad, nickel-cadmium). Workplace exposure can occur in welding and battery manufacture. 

MORGAN H (ed), The Shipham Report An investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health , The Science of the Total Environment 1988 75 (1). 

It should be noted that in most of these studies, especially in those on the barley leaf discs, the metal concentrations applied are significantly higher than those found in the field. It remains, therefore, to be proven that the cadmium effects described occur at the metal concentrations present in intact plants growing in situ on a cadmium-contaminated substrate. 

Li, Y.M. et al., Response of four turfgrass cultivars to limestone and biosolids-compost amendment of a zinc and cadmium contaminated soil at Palmerton, Pennsylvania, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1440, 2000. 

Cai,S, Yue L, JinT, Nordberg G. Renal dysfunction from cadmium contamination of irrigation water dose-response analysis in a Chinese population. Bull WHO 1998 76 153-159. 

Due to the wide use of cadmium-based products, cadmium is widely distributed in the environment. The cadmium content in soil and water has been increasing as a result of disposal of cadmium-contaminated waste and the use of cadmium-containing fertilizers (particularly on cereal crops). Commercial sludge, contaminated with cadmium, has been used to fertilize agricultural fields. Cadmium concentrations in urban air are quite low, because of regulation of industrial air emissions. Lead and zinc smelters and waste incineration account for the majority of cadmium present in ambient air. 

The diet is the major route of human exposure to cadmium. Contamination of foods with cadmium results from its presence in soil and water. Concentrations of cadmium in foods range widely, and the highest average concentrations are found in mollusks, kidneys, livers, cereals, cocoa, and leafy vegetables. A daily intake of about 60 [tg would be required to reach a concentration of 50 mg/kg in the renal cortex of persons 50 years of age, assuming an absorption ratio of 5%. About 10% of the absorbed daily dose is rapidly excreted (WHO, 1989, 2001). 

Cadmium-contaminated wastewaters are being released to a pond underlain by a silty sandstone. The silt fraction of the sandstone contains Ca-montmorillonite clay that has a CEC of 100 meq/100 g. The mont-morillonite constitutes 12% by weight of the overall rock. The rest is quartz. Assume the total rock porosity of 33% is also the effective porosity. As an approximation, assume, as well, that the overall rock, the quartz, and the montmorillonite all have a density of 2.65 g/cm. ... 

---