Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia 0 Tt3 Gastrointestinal illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps) Human and animal fecal waste... 

Ozone is more effective than chlorine in deactivating poliovirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and other protozoa. It also improves the color, taste, and odor of water dramatically. However, since no residual amount remains, it is always necessary to add a small amount of a more stable disinfectant as well (sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, etc.). 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

Giardia lamblia (also known as G. intestinalis or G. duode-nalis), an enteric protozoan, is the most common intestinal parasite responsible for diarrheal syndromes throughout the world. Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasites in the United States, with a prevalence rate of 5% to 15% in some areas. G. lamblia has been identified as the first enteric pathogen seen in children in developing countries, with prevalence rates between 15% and 30%. 

Hill DR. Giardia lamblia. In Mandel GL, Bennett IE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2005 3198-3205. John DT, Petri WA. Markell and Voge s Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier, 2006. 

Clostridium botulinum Norwalk like Giardia lamblia... 

Hausmann, S., and Shuman, S. (2005). Giardia lamblia RNA cap guanine-N2 methyltrans-ferase (Tgs2). /. Biol. Ghent. 280, 32101—32106. 

A bacterial enteric infection may manifest as diarrhea or may also remain asymptomatic. Recently, it was recognized that even asymptomatic enteric infections by Cryptosporidium, EAggEC and Giardia lamblia may be associated with nutritional shortfalls, even in the absence of overt diarrheal illness [17]. 

Ellis JE, William R, Cole D, et al. 1993. Electron-transport components of the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia. Febs Lett 325 196-200. 

Giardiasis For the treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia duodenalis (also termed Giardia lamblia) in adults and pediatric patients older than 3 years of age. Trichomoniasis For the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in female and male patients. Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with potentially serious sequelae, partners of infected patients should be treated simultaneously in order to prevent reinfection. 

Giardia lamblia 7 days Diarrhea which can last 1-2 weeks Dose >1 cysts Sewage, manure, wild and domestic animals, infected food handlers and water... 

Many pathogenic protozoa. Including Trypanosoma brucei (trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness), Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Leishmania species (leishmaniasis), and the intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, depend on farnesylated proteins for growth... 

The answer is e. (Hardman, pp 995-998.) Metronidazole is a low-molecular-weight compound that penetrates all tissues and fluids of the body. Metronidazole s spectrum of activity is limited largely to anaerobic bacteria—including B./ragilis—and certain protozoa. It is considered to be the drug of choice for trichomoniasis in females and carrier states in males, as well as intestinal infections with Giardia lamblia. 

It is a nitroimidazole. It has a broad spectrum of protozoal and antimicrobial activity. It shows antibacterial action against all anaerobic cocci, anaerobic gram negative bacilli including bacteroides species and anaerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli. It is very effective in infections due to Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomoniasis. It also causes radio-sensitization. 

Other protozoal infection is giardiasis which is caused by Giardia lamblia and the drug of choice in its treatment are imidazole derivatives. 

Giardia lamblia Metronidazole, 250 mg 3 times daily for 5 days Furazolidone, 100 mg 4 times daily for 7 days... 

D., Wang, . C. (2001) Virtual screening of combinatorial libraries across a gene family in search of inhibitors of Giardia lamblia guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Antimi-crob Agents Chemother 45, 2571-2576. 

Dan M, Wang AL, Wang CC (2000) Inhibition of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene expression in Giardia lamblia by a virus-mediated hammerhead ribozyme. Mol... 

Nixon JE et al. (2002a) Evidence for lateral transfer of genes encoding ferredoxins, nitroreductases, NADH oxidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 from anaerobic prokaryotes to Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. Eukaryot Cell 1 181-190 Nixon JE et al. (2002b) A spliceosomal intron in Giardia lamblia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 3701-3705... 

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