Necator americanus

Hookworm infection is caused by Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus. N. americanus is found in the southeastern United States. Infective larvae enter the host in contaminated food or water or penetrate the skin and migrate to the small intestine. The adult worm attaches to gastrointestinal mucosa and causes injury by lytic destruction of the tissue. Over a period of time, the adult worm can cause anemia and hypopro-teinemia in the host. 

Daub, J., Loukas, A., Pritchard, D.I. and Blaxter, M.L. (2000) A survey of genes expressed in adults of the human hookworm Necator americanus. Parasitology 120,171-184. 

Romstad, A., Gasser, R.B., Monti, J.R., Polderman, A.M., Nansen, P., Pit, D.S. and Chilton, N.B. (1997a) Differentiation of Oesophagostomum bifurcumirom Necator americanus by PCR using genetic markers in spacer ribosomal DNA. Molecular Cell Probes 11, 169-176. 

Monti, J.R., Chilton, N.B., Qian, B.-Z. and Gasser, R.B. (1998) PCR-based differentiation of Necator americanus from Ancylostoma duodenale using specific markers in ITS-1 rDNA. Molecular and Cellular Probes 12, 71—78. 

Pritchard, D.I., Brown, A. and Toutant, J.-P. (1994) The molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase from Necator americanus (Nematoda), a hookworm parasite of the human intestine. European Journal of Biochemistry 219, 317-323. 

McLaren, D.J., Burt, J.S. and Ogilvie, B.M. (1974) The anterior glands of Necator americanus. II. Cytochemical and functional studies. International foumal for Parasitology 4, 39-46. 

Pritchard, D.I., Quinnell, R.J., Slater, A.F.G., McKean, P.G., Dale, D.D.S., Raiko, A. and Keymer, A. (1990) Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens. Parasitology 100, 317-326. 

Behnke, J.M., Rose, R. and Little, J. (1994b) Resistance of the hookworms Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus to intestinal inflammatory responses induced by heterologous infection. Intemationaljoumal of Parasitology 24, 91-101. 

Pyrantel pamoate is active against several roundworms A lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and E. vermicularis. Pyrantel is an alternative drug of choice in treating infections with A lumbricoides, E. vermicularis (pinworms), and hookworms N. americanus and A. duodenale). It is not recommended for pregnant patients or for children under age 1 year. 

The mechanism of action by which pyrantel pamoate Is effective for the treatment of Necator americanus (hookworm) disease Is... 

N. americanus—Necator americanus N. gonorrhoeae—Neisseria gonorrhoeae NA—nicotinic acid (niacin)... 

Necator americanus (hookworm) Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) Albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate ... 

Causative agents Ancviostoma duodenaie fOld Worid hookworm). Necator americanus (New Worid hookworm). 

Roundworms (nematodes) Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralisb Strongyloides stercoralis Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale) Mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate Mebendazole Mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate Mebendazole and thiabendazole Thiabendazole Mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate... 

The hookworm disease is caused by the blood sucking nematodes, Anajlos-toma duodenale, A. ceylanicum and Necator americanus, commonly known as hookworms, in the intestine of human. The infection normally takes place when farmers working in coffee, banana, sugarcane, sweet potato, rice and maize fields expose their bare feet to the soil fertilized with human excreta where the infective larvae penetrate the skin and enter the blood circulation. These larvae eventually grow into adult hookworms and live in the intestine where they engulf the intestinal villi into their buccal cavities and survive on direct blood feed from the host. 

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