Antifungals food contamination

The production of substances that preserve the food from contamination or from oxidation is another important field of membrane bioreactor. For example, the production of high amounts of propionic acid, commonly used as antifungal substance, was carried out by a continuous stirred-tank reactor associated with ultrafiltration cell recycle and a nanofiltration membrane [51] or the production of gluconic acid by the use of glucose oxidase in a bioreactor using P E S membranes [52]. Lactic acid is widely used as an acidulant, flavor additive, and preservative in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. As an intermediate product in mammalian metabolism, L( +) lactic acid is more important in the food industry than the D(—) isomer. The performance of an improved fermentation system, that is, a membrane cell-recycle bioreactors MCRB was studied [53, 54], the maximum productivity of 31.5 g/Lh was recorded, 10 times greater than the counterpart of the batch-fed fermentation [54]. 

Tolerable daily intake (TDI) An estimate of the quantity of a chemical contaminant in food or water, which can be ingested daily over a lifetime without posing a significant risk to health. Contaminants are different from Residues in this context a contaminant is a chemical whose presence in food or water does not serve, and never has served, any useful purpose. TDIs are thus distinct from ADIs, which relates to residues of chemicals that have been deliberately added to a product, for example, residues of pesticide sprays or antifungal agents. 

Pimaricin is an important antifungal agent used in human therapy for the treatment of fungal keratitis as well as in the food industry to prevent mold contamination. The enzymes and the gene cluster responsible for their production by Streptomyces natahnsis was identified recently. The cluster contains a P450 that is responsible for ring decoration [99]. 

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