Food and water, contaminant

There are many possible causes of acute diarrhea, but infection is the most common cause. Infectious diarrhea occurs because of food and water contamination via the fecal-oral route. Viruses are the cause in a large proportion of cases. Likely viral suspects include Rotavirus, Norwalk, and adenovirus. Patients usually exhibit sudden low-grade fever, vomiting, and watery stools. 

The health effects that might occur in humans following long-term exposure to food and water contaminated with benzene are not known. In animals, exposure to food or water contaminated with benzene can damage the blood and the immune system and can even cause cancer. See Chapter 2 for more information on the health effects resulting from benzene exposure. 

Human exposure to excessive copper intake from a variety of sources has been on the increase in recent years. Most of the sources are attributable to modem technology and lifestyle. Many examples could be cited in food and water contamination increased use of water pipes made of copper (15) in most municipal water systems (19) dispensing machines with copper check valves (20) acidic food or drink in metal containers (21) and semipermeable membranes containing copper or copper tubing used in hemodialysis units (22,23),... 

Human exposure to benz [a] anthracene occurs primarily through smoking of tobacco, inhalation of polluted air, and by ingestion of food and water contaminated by combustion effluents. 

Bioterrorism A Potential Weapon for Terrorist Attacks Through Food and Water Contamination Evolution of Our Understanding of the Use of Chemical and Bacteriological Weapons... 

Dispersion system the function of the dispersion system is to errsrrre the dissemination of the payload at the target site by aerosol sprays, explosives, or food and water contamination. ... 

Hepatitis A, the most common type, is spread through food and water contaminated with feces under poor sanitary conditions. Symptoms include rash, fatigue, loss of appetite, jatmdice, dark... 

Despite the use of 2.5 million tons of pesticide worldwide, approximately 35% of potential crop production is lost to pests. An additional 20% is lost to pests that attack the food post-harvest. Thus, nearly one-half of all potential world food supply is lost to pests despite human efforts to prevent this loss. Pesticides, in addition to saving about 10% of world food supply, cause serious environmental and public health problems. These problems include human pesticide poisonings fish and bird kills destruction of beneficial natural enemies pesticide resistance contamination of food and water with pesticide residues and inadvertent destruction of some crops. 

There are many peer-review publications reporting NoV outbreaks due to food and water. In spite of a recognized publication bias toward these outbreaks, there is a consensus that the scientific literature imder-estimates the contribution of NoV to food and waterborne disease (Efall et al., 2005 Hoffmann et al., 2007 O Brien et al., 2006). Source contamination of food and water is clearly implicated in NoV outbreaks around the world. 

Helicobacter pylori normally resides in the human stomach and is transmitted via the fecal-oral route or through ingestion of fecal-contaminated water or food. Infection with HP is more common in developing countries because of crowded conditions and the presence of contaminated food and water. HP colonization does not necessarily reflect an active infection since the organism can attach itself to the gastric epithelium... 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. No information was found regarding the absorption of di- -octylphthalate by humans or laboratory animals following inhalation or dermal exposures. No information is available about absorption following oral exposure in humans. However, indirect evidence from animal studies suggests that the compound is readily absorbed by this route (Albro and Moore 1974 Oishi 1990). Additional information is needed on the absorption of di- -octylphthalate as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, ingestion of contaminated food and water, and dermal contact with contaminated soils and sediments. 

Dibromoethane can enter your body after you eat or drink contaminated food and water. It can also enter your body through your skin when you bathe or swim in contaminated water. The 1,2-dibromoethane inside tiny soil particles may enter your body if you crush or eat contaminated soil. The chemical can enter your nose and lungs when you breathe air that contains 1,2-dibromoethane or when you shower with water that is contaminated. Near hazardous waste sites or near areas that once were farmed, the most likely way that you will be exposed is by drinking contaminated groundwater. 

The intestine usually constitutes an effective immunological barrier to an invasion by pathogens but this protection can be overwhelmed by frequent repeat attacks. This may explain the prevalence of sprue in the tropics (hence the name, tropical sprue) especially for visitors who are unaccustomed to contaminated food and water and hence have no immune protection against the bacteria specific to that part of the tropics. 

Contaminated food and water, poor sanitation and personal hygiene, and a warm climate are clearly associated with GTI (classically the 3 Fs Food, Fingers and Flies). Frequently people in close contact with the patient have or develop similar symptoms, underlining the contagious nature of GTI. 

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