Consumption experience

About the Author Dr. Bentley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacy Administration and Research Associate Professor in the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy. He received a B.S. in pharmacy and an MBA from Drake University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in pharmacy administration from the University of Mississippi. In addition to statistics, Dr. Bentley s teaching interests focus on the organization, delivery, financing, and outcomes of health care. His research interests include understanding the role of pharmacy practice in how medications and the medication consumption experience affect quality of life, the use of quality-of-life measures as clinical tools, and empirical investigations of ethical issues in pharmacy and research. 

Formaldehyde Reaction Rate and Consumption Experiments. Solutions of approximately 1% w/v formaldehyde were prepared by suitable dilution of a 38% w/v formalin solution (BDH) and were standardized by the chromotropic acid method (22). 

The data (11-14) available to test the predicted thermal sensitivity of the batch-culture maxlmum-speclflc-growth-rate coefficient were obtained from substrate consumption experiments. From equation (13a), the maximum-velocity coefficient for substrate consumption is Pm/Y. Data presented in this form must be multiplied by a yield coefficient Y to convert to Pm If the yield coefficient is assumed to be practically constant, then Pq/Y should show the same thermal sensitivity pattern as Pm. 

Figure 4. Concentration-response profiles for starlings tested in one-bottle, 6-hour fluid consumption experiments of Clark and Mason (1993). Sucrose is the intake of starlings presented with a specified concentration of sucrose in water. Methyl anthranilate (MA) is the intake profile of starlings presented with a specified concentration of MA dissolved in water. Ml-M3 are the intake profiles for mixtures of aqueous solutions containing MA and sucrose, where Ml contained 1% MAplus a varying amount of sucrose (x-axis) M2 contained 0.1% MA plus varying amount of sucrose, and M3 contained 0.01% MA plus a varying amount of sucrose.

Richins M.L. (1997) Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research 24 127-146. 

Kuesten, C., Bi, J. and Eeng, Y. (2013) Exploring taffy product consumption experiences using a multi-attribute time-intensity (MATI) method, Food Quality and Preference, 30, 260-273. 

Data for calculation of nutritional analyses are much the same for all methods of statistical analysis described above. Basic precautionary steps recommended for selection of individuals, pretest conditions, and standardization of both test animals and test diets have been discussed elsewhere (Berenbaum 1986). Nutritional indices are extremely sensitive to small errors in computation (Schmidt Reese 1986 Stamp 1991), thus, efforts to reduce such sources of variation are of utmost importance in such studies. All consumption experiments must provide food ad libitum unless effects of starvation are being tested, and careful planning and some preliminary experiments may be required to determine how much food must be prepared or obtained in advance to complete the entire experiment. This is especially important when insects are to be tested on plant food to avoid introducing variation in food quality due to difference in plant or leaf age into the experimental design. 

Water loss in operating an HDR faciUty may result from either increased storage within the body of the reservoir or diffusion into the rock body beyond the periphery of the reservoir (38). When a reservoir is created, the joints which are opened immediately fill with water. Micropores or microcracks may fill much more slowly, however. Figure 11 shows water consumption during an extended pressurization experiment at the HDR faciUty operated by the Los Alamos National Laboratory at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. As the microcracks within the reservoir become saturated, the water consumption at a set pressure declines. It does not go to zero because diffusion at the reservoir boundary can never be completely elirninated. Of course, if a reservoir joint should intersect a natural open fault, water losses may be high under any conditions. 

The economics of the arc-coal process is sensitive to the electric power consumed to produce a kilogram of acetylene. Early plant economic assessments indicated that the arc power consumption (SER = kwh/kgC2H2) must be below 13.2. The coal feedcoal quench experiments yielded a 9.0 SER with data that indicated a further reduction to below 6.0 with certain process improvements. In the propane quench experiment, ethylene as well as acetylene is produced. The combined process SER was 6.2 with a C2H2/C2H4 production ratio of 3 to 2. Economic analysis was completed uti1i2ing the achieved acetylene yields, and an acetylene price approximately 35% lower than the price of ethylene was projected. 

A relationship of power consumption to collection efficiency is charac teristic of all particulate scrubbers. Attaining increased efficiency requires increased power consumption, and the power consumption required to attain a given efficiency increases as the particle size of the dust decreases. Experience generally indicates that the power consumption required to provide a specific efficiency on a given dust does not vary widely even with markedly different devices. The extent to which this generahzation holds true has not been fully explored, but the known extent is sufficient to suggest that the underlying collection mechanism may be essentially the same in all types of particulate scrubbers. 

On the basis of available practical experience, the consumption rate of magnesium anodes in enamelled boilers is lower than 3 mm a". For a rod anode with a diameter of 33 mm, this corresponds to a life of over 5 years. As a guideline for the required anode mass, 200 to 250 g per m of internal surface is recommended [27]. 

These benefits directly translate into lower costs and improved operating efficiency for rotating machinery. Lubrication is unnecessary. The bearing is operable in hostile environments and, in many cases, can operate in the process fluid at high pressures and temperatures. Experience shows that total consumption of frictional power is drastically reduced. 

It should be noted that most of these theories for the prediction of the pressure losses in cyclones ultimately require the assignment of certain experimentally determined quantities in order to produce reasonable agreement between theory and experiment. The involvement of these empirical constants almost certainly restrains the use of the theories to the limited group of cyclones that the experiment has covered in order to produce good predictions of pressure drops through the cyclone. Therefore, these empirical theories may be used only as a preliminary estimate of the energy consumption in cyclones. Prototype cyclone experiments may well be required in order to obtain an accurate value of the pressure loss for a newly designed cyclone. 

Possibly the most serious nutrition problem in the United States is excessive food consumption, and many people have experimented with fad diets in the hope of losing excess weight. One of the most popular of the fad diets has been the high-protein, high-fat (low-carbohydrate) diet. The premise for such diets is tantalizing because the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (see Chapter 20) is the primary site of fat metabolism, and because glucose is usually needed to replenish intermediates in the TCA cycle, if carbohydrates are restricted in the diet, dietary fat should merely be converted to ketone bodies and excreted. This so-called diet appears to work at first because a low-carbohydrate diet results in an initial water (and weight) loss. This occurs because... 

After the average crude oil price increased from 3.18 per barrel in 1970 to 21.59 in 1980, many analysts forecast skyrocketing energy prices for the remainder of the centuiy. The middle price path of the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 1979 projected a nominal price of 117.50 per barrel in 1995 Such forecasts seemed to be soundly based not only in recent experience but also in the economic theoiy of exhaustible resources. As a consequence, U.S. industries invested heavily in energy conseiwa-tion measures, with the result that industrial consumption of energy decreased from 31.5 quads in 1973 to 27.2 in 1985. Some of this investment was probably not warranted on economic efficiency gi ounds because prices ceased to rise after 1981, and even plummeted to 10 per barrel in 1986. 

Just eight days after his ordination, Stirling applied for a patent for Improvements for diminishing the consumption of fuel. He had evidently carried out his experiments while he was a student at Edinburgh,... 

The wastage rate of HSI depends upon the current density and the nature of the soil or water in which the anode is used. HSI is superior to graphite in waters of resistivity greater than 10ohm m, but in waters of 0-5 ohm m and below HSI is susceptible to pitting. From collated experience in fresh water in the pH range 3 to 10 a nominal consumption rate of approximately 0-1 kg A" y" at 20°C has been observed. This is of course dependent upon solution composition and temperature. A number of reports on the performance of HSI anodes in different environments have been produced . ... 

It should be remembered that a minimum current density is necessary to ensure passivation of the anode and that anodes operating below this current density may experience rapid consumption rates. A minimum value of 32-3 Amis quoted by Barnard et The consumption rate of lead silver is high in the initial stages of operation as can be seen from Table 10.18. However, the rate in seawater, taken over an extended period, is generally taken as 0 06 kg A y . 

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