Anodes requirements

Chemical analyses should be provided for all anodes used in the offshore and harbor area, together with results for current content in A h kg and current output in amperes [2,3]. The geometric shape and the number of anodes required is determined by these parameters. Expensive calculations for design based on grounding resistances are made only in exceptional cases because in practice there are too many uncertainties and the number and mass of the anodes have to be quoted with a corresponding safety factor. 

Firstly, the total weight of anode required to protect the structure for its projected life is calculated. This is given by ... 

The manufacture, processing and application of a particular material as an impressed-current anode requires knowledge of several physical characteristics. Knowledge and attention to these characteristics is necessary to design for anode longevity with maximum freedom from electrical and mechanical defects. 

Anodes required to be very large to provide the current density necessary, and with a reasonable life. Anodes can interfere with the water flow. 

As pointed out above, the complete mineralization of 0.5gL-1 phenol at BBD anode requires 18 kWh kg COD-1 assuming a price of the electrical energy of 0.07 Euro kWh-1, the operative cost of this treatment results 1.26 Euro kg COD-1 which is less than that evaluated for ozonisation, the less-expensive traditional AOP (Kraft etal. 2003). 

Anode materials and their properties along with the recommended uses are noted in Table 1.31. For a number of anodes required for an impressed current ground bed, we calculate the weight required by the equation,... 

We should note that in most DNA electrophoretic separations, the EOF is typically suppressed using either Unear polyacrylamides covalently attached to the separation channel wall or dynamic coatings. Therefore, due to the fact that DNAs are polyanionic, they will exclusively migrate from cathode to anode, requiring that the electrophoresis analysis should be operated with the injection end cathodic. 

The number of anodes required is calculated from the current requirement divided by the individual anode output. 

Ship hulls Painting cannot always protect hostile marine conditions, in ships and, areas above keel blocks. Stem and mdder areas suffer erosion and corrosion due to the high turbulence caused by the propeller coupled with the galvanic effects of the noble bronze propeller. Effective cathodic protection of ship hulls and similar marine structures in seawater against corrosion can be apphed using either aluminum or zinc alloy sacrificial anodes. Twenty percent of the anodes required for full hull protection are required for stern protection only. 

Calculate the mass of an anode and the number of anodes required for the protection of an iron tank for 7 years if an aluminum anode weighs 13.7 kg. Maintenance current demand in amps (Inj) = 1.52 A, utilization factor (u) = 0.85, and electrochemical capacity of the anode material ( )=2670 Ah/kg. The number of hours per year is 8760. 

Calculate the weight of the anode, required for the protection of an iron tank... 

In cathodic protection design, it is essential to be able to estimate the anode output and its lifetime. From these estimates, anode spacing over the structure to be protected can be calculated (i.e., the number of anodes required to protect the structure). 

The anode system may be a single component, such as flame sprayed zinc, or multiple component such as a titanium mesh with a cementitious overlay. It may consist of a single continuous anode such as mesh or coatings, or multiple anodes connected together such as ribbon anodes or the discrete rod anodes. All anodes require electrical connections to the power supply. As for the rebar connections these should be duplicated for redundancy. 

For protection of structures in seawater, platinum-clad copper, 2% Ag—Pb, platinized titanium, or platinized niobium have been recommended as corrosion-resistant anodes using impressed current [10-12]. Whereas sacrificial magnesium anodes require replacement approximately every 2 years, the 2% Ag—Pb anodes are estimated to last more than 10 years, and the 90% Pt-10% Ir anodes still... 

Solution species Deposited as Anode Required conditions Conversion factor... 

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