Construction Industry Standards

Training Requirements in OSHA Construction Industry Standards and Training Guidelines http //www.osha-slc.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/osha2254.html... 

B. Fall Hazards Covered Under Construction Industry Standards... 

B. Fall hazards covered under the following construction industry standards ... 

Most code documents refer to a large body of construction industry standards. The American National Standards Institute and the American Society for Testing and Materials publish enormous volumes of important standards to be followed in designing a building, specifying products, and carrying out construction activities. 

For the pour-in place and foam technique, there is a group of characteristic rigid PU foam applications available, however, their largest consumption area is in the insulation of refrigerators and freezers, but not that much in the construction industry. Standard two-component formulations with special adaptations, or one-component systems that cure by reaction with the moisture existing in the atmosphere, are available. The method produces highly effective thermal and noise insulation as well as physical reinforcement, although the foams produced are less uniform than those produced in-plant. 

In order for work to be construction work the employer need not be a construction company. The construction industry standard applies to every employment and place of employment of every... 

It does not include maintenance activities, repair, removal, or other construction work involving disturbance or removal of ACM or PACM. Neither does it include clean-up and disposal of dust or debris resulting from construction, renovation, removal, repair, or maintenance activities. Performance of these tasks by employees may trigger additional obligations. Workers who are involved in cleaning areas that have been contaminated with asbestos containing dust or debris from a project involving asbestos come under the Construction Industry Standard at 1926.1101. 

By 1900, other products from petroleum began to take on importance. Lubricants especially became prominent. This was due to the growth of industrialization in the United States, a shortage of naturally occurring lubricants (e.g., vegetable and whale oils), and an intense and creative marketing effort on the part of Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. By 1910, Standard Oil Trust was also marketing coke and asphalt to a variety of manufacturers as well as the construction industry. 

Several industry standards, codes, and company internal standards were used in developing the information in Table 1.2. These include internal company standards NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (Ref. 22) NFPA 59A. Liquefied Natural Gas (Ref. 23) API 2510, Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) Installations (Ref. 24) iRlnformation IM.2.5.2, Plant Layout and Spacing for Oil and Chemical Plants (Ref. 25), and Factory Mutual 7-44, Spacing of Facilities In Outdoor Chemical Plants (Ref. 26). 

The design and construction of atmospheric storage tanks for the petroleum industry are covered by British Standard BS 2654, and the American Petroleum Industry standards API 650 (2003) and 620 (2002). The design of storage tanks is covered in the books by Myers (1997), and Jawad and Farr (1989). See also the papers by Debham et al. (1968) and Zick and McGarth (1968). 

This training must include topics specified by the OSHA rules. If an employee is exposed at or above the action level for a period of 30 days or more in a calendar year, medical surveillance is required according to the OSHA construction industry asbestos standard. 

Construction of homemade blasting caps is one of the most dangerous and ill-advised procedures in the field of improvised explosives. The resulting end products are extremely unstable and unpredictable. Whenever dealing with high explosives, special precautions must be followed in accordance with industry standards for experimentation and production. Failure to strictly follow such industry standards may result in harm to life and limb. 

Due to several major developments in ammonia process technology, ammonia plants with 1000 to 1500 tonne per day capacities have became the industry standard for new plant construction. In 2001 plants as large as 2000 tonnes per day have become common. These plants have much lower production costs than the earlier generation of smaller plants mainly because steam-driven, centrifugal compressors are used rather than electrically driven, reciprocating compressors.57,74... 

This manner of door construction originated with the war-time provisional air raid shelter construction programs.88 It is no doubt clear that construction parts not produced to industrial standards would have resulted in inaccuracies. 

Economics The MX Sorbex process has been developed to meet increased demand for purified isophthalic acid (PIA). The growth in demand for PIA is linked to the copolymer requirement for PET bottle resin applications, a market that continues to rapidly expand. The process has become the new industry standard due to its superior environmental safety and lower cost materials of construction. Estimated ISBL costs based on unit production of 50,000 mtpy of m-xylene (US Gulf Coast site in 2003). 

In order to simulate the performance of the bomb when dropped firom aircraft, a mortar was constructed at Standard Oil Development Company and used to fire the bombs downward onto a target at any chosen velocity. The mortar was mounted on a movable crane. .. so that the point of impact of the bomb on the structure below could be closely controlled. Various sections of typical enemy domestic and industrial structures were employed to test the penetration, functioning, and fire-raising characteristics of the 6-pound oil bomb.. . Over 20,000 bombs were tested by Standard Oil Development Company before the final design was standardized. [Noyes, page 391]. 

Many chemical and petroleum companies are now using Process Industry Practices (PIP) criteria for the development of P IDs. These criteria include symbols and nomenclature for typical equipment, instrumentation, and piping. They are compatible with industry codes of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Instrument Society of America (ISA), and Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA). The PIP criteria can be applied irrespective of whatever Computer Assisted Design (CAD) system is used to develop P IDs. Process Industries Practice (1998) may be obtained from the Construction Industry Institute mentioned in the References. 

The chapters are arranged in order of volume of usage, and wherever possible standard specifications are presented. In addition, some useful testing standards are quoted in an appendix. This book will serve as a ready reference for those readers who are involved in the construction industry such as civil engineers, consultants, chemists and technical service personnel. 

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