Control confined spaces

Pidko, E.A. and van Santen, R.A. (2006). Confined space-controlled olefin-oxygen charge transfer in zeolites. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 2963-2967... 

Madsen C and Jacobsen C J FI 1999 Nanosized zeolite crystals—convenient control of crystal size distribution by confined space synthesis Chem. Commun. 673-4... 

Entry into Confined Spaces. In 1993 OSHA adopted a confined space entry rule (93) requiring employers to evaluate the workplace to (/) determine if it contains any confined spaces, (2) mark or identify such confined spaces, and (2) develop and implement a permit program for entry into such spaces. The program must include a permit system which specifies the steps to be taken to identify, evaluate, control, and monitor possible electrical, mechanical, and chemical ha2ards select and use equipment institute stand-by attendance and estabflsh communications. The reference standard (93) should be studied for details. 

The success of compression agglomeration depends on the effective utilization and transmission ofthe applied external force and on the ability of the material to form and maintain interparticle bonds during pressure compaction (or consolidation) and decompression. Both these aspects are controlled in turn by the geometiy of the confined space, the nature of the apphed loads and the physical properties of the particulate material and of the confining walls. (See the section on Powder Mechanics and Powder Compaction.)... 

Material solidifies Monitor and control temperature in feed system or is too viscous, Heat trace and/or insulate lines and plugs lines. Potential for proper line break procedures exposure while Use personal protective equipment (PPE) correcting, proper lockout-tagout and confined space problem. entry procedures CCPS G-23 CCPS G-29 Fisher 1990... 

Entry into a confined space requires strict control (page 417). Whenever oxygen deficiency may be encountered air quality checks should be made and appropriate breathing apparatus used. 

A permit-to-work system is essential to control entry into confined spaces, e.g. tanks, reactors or underground chambers. Requirements... 

F. All site control elements of the safety and health program must be fully implemented as described in the program. The purpose of site control requirements is to ensure that only properly trained and authorized individuals enter those areas of the site with potential hazards, and that, in the event of an emergency, rapid assistance can be rendered to employees working in the exclusion zone. This section discusses the findings of two components of site control the establishment and maintenance of site work zones and the establishment and implementation of appropriate confined space procedures. 

Contract employees must perform their work safely. Considering that contractors often perform very specialized and potentially hazardous tasks, such as confined space entry activities and nonroutine repair activities, their work must be controlled while they are on or near a process covered by PSM. A permit system or work authorization system for these activities is helpful for all affected employers. The use of a work authorization system keeps an employer informed of contract employee activities. Thus, the employer has better coordination and more management control over the work being performed in the process area. 

Safe work practices for hazards control lockout/tagout, confined space entry, procedures for opening process boundaries and entrance control for maintenance... 

The hazards of management-controlled nonroutine work in the process areas must be communicated to affected individuals. The work permit prescribes the procedures that must be followed to get the permit. Work authorization procedures specify lockout/tagout, line breaking., confined space entry, and hot work authorization through clear steps leading to job completion, closure, and return to normal. 

No maintenance task can be issued without the person responsible for controlling the workforce establishing that the work is to be carried out safely. Areas where this is essential would include boilers, pressure systems, electrical systems, confined spaces, hot work, deep sumps/shafts, tanks, and lone working. 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

CONFINED SPACE A boiler, chamber, pipe, tank, chemical reactor or storage vessel, sewer, vat, flue or similar space into which entry must be controlled by a permit-to-work. 

Entry into a confined space requires strict control (page 285). 

The cylinder of an automobile is a confined space and we have explosions all the time making our vehicles run, but they are under control where and when we want them and the receptor and the vectors are well understood. 

Our last study takes us away from the plastics industry into an entirely new realm, that of environmental control. Man, through recent decades, has learned how to control the temperature and humidity in confined spaces. Witness the vast growth of the air conditioning industry over the past twenty-five years. Now he has learned how to destroy odors. Why not live in an odor-free atmosphere as well as one of controlled temperature and humidity We can—and the product to accomplish this is known as Purafil—a purple pellet made from activated alumina and potassium perman-... 

To meet the need for privacy, each patient was provided with his own room with all the basic elements that implied this privacy. As the construction budget did not permit private toilets and related facilities, we placed these in spaces that provided the essential privacy in terms of place and time. Each bathtub and each toilet is in a distinctly separate confined space that is controlled by the patient-user. 

The description of small scale turbulent fields in confined spaces by fundamental approaches, based on statistical methods or on the concept of deterministic chaos, is a very promising and interesting research task nevertheless, at the authors knowledge, no fundamental approach is at the moment available for the modeling of large-scale confined systems, so that it is necessary to introduce semi-empirical models to express the tensor of turbulent stresses as a function of measurable quantities, such as geometry and velocity. Therefore, even in this case, a few parameters must be adjusted on the basis of independent measures of the fluid dynamic behavior. In any case, it must be underlined that these models are very complex and, therefore, well suited for simulation of complex systems but neither for identification of chemical parameters nor for online control and diagnosis [5, 6],... 

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