Standard solvent

Independently, Antane reported that arylisonipecotic acids were obtained from aryl bromides in a two-step process involving microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed amination with ethyl isonipecotate followed by ester hydrolysis with KOH (Scheme 91) [96]. Interestingly, toluene, which is the standard solvent for Buchwald-Hartwig aminations under conventional heating, was used as the sole reaction medium, although it is a very weak... 

They took as their standard reaction the SN1 solvolysis of the tertiary halide, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (46), and selected as their standard solvent 80% aqueous ethanol (80% EtOH/20% H20) ... 

GC of aqueous simulant or water extract of olive oil using cold on-column injector. 1,4 butane diol internal standard Solvent extraction with dichloromethane and concurrent derivatisation with 9-(methylaminomethyl)anthracene. Fluorescent derivatives analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection... 

Micelle formation in standard organic solvents such as toluene or THF is very useful, since fluorinated polymers are usually not soluble in standard solvents micelle formation therefore enables processing of fluorinated products with classical technologies, e.g., for coating applications. 

A number of potential users, such as the printing industry, are interested in the solvent fastness not only of a pigment but of an entire pigment-vehicle system. Standardized tests are available. A proof print of a certain size is placed inside a test tube and allowed to remain in the target solvent at 20°C for 5 minutes. The change in solvent color is determined and the print dried and compared with an untreated specimen. Standard solvents [14] are ethanol or the following mixture ... 

The printing ink industry uses P.Br.25 for all printing methods. The prints show excellent lightfastness. 1/1 to 1/25 SD letterpress proof prints, for instance, equal step 7 to step 6-7 on the Blue Scale. Prints made from P.Br.25 are fast to the DIN 16 524 standard solvent mixture, to paraffin, butter, soap, and acid, but they are not entirely fast to alkali. The products are fast to clear lacquer coatings and may safely be sterilized. The temperature stability is up to 240°C for 10 minutes or 220°C for up to 30 minutes, which makes P.Br.25 a suitable candidate for metal deco printing inks. It is also frequently applied in printing inks for PVC. 

The printing ink industry applies P.Y.110 in all types of printing, provided the pigment satisfies the demands. The prints are resistant to many organic solvents, including the DIN 165224/1 standardized solvent mixture. Prints made from P.Y.l 10 are fast to clear lacquer coatings, sterilization, and are very heat stable. 1/1 to 1/25 SD letterpress proof prints equal step 7 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. 

The distribution of solutes between the two phases can be estimated by measurement of the relative solubility of the reagent in each phase of the system under given physical conditions. Water and 1-octanol have become a standard solvent mixture for this [21], although other pairs of solvents may be used to produce, for example, a scale of preference for fluorous versus organic solvents, as described below. The quantity P, known as the partition coefficient, is defined as... 

The assembly of large screening libraries for HTS requires the development of archival and retrieval systems that can handle solid compounds and compound solutions in microtubes or in plates in either the 96 or the 384 format. Barcodes are used to identify each sample vial, tube, or plate. Databases record which samples are available, what type of sample it is, and how much is available. All solid samples are prepared first as stock (master) solutions ( around 5 mg/mL in DMSO) in 2-D bar-coded tubes that are then aliquotted to plates and processed as described earlier. The tubes and plates are usually made of polypropylene for compatibility with DMSO. DMSO is the industry standard solvent for screening libraries because many of the archived compounds are not soluble in water at 5 mg/mL. DMSO, an organic solvent, also has a favorable combination of biological... 

Analogous investigations of deuteriated methanol were carried out on the OD-valency vibration roD = 2689 cm in CCI4 as the standard solvent (Tamres, 1952, Searless and Tamres, 1951). Altogether 12 aromatic compounds, including halogen-substituted ones, were used as solvents. In the series of solvents, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, 0-, m-, j-xylene and mesitylene, i/qd shifted from 2689 to 2670 in benzene and to 2655 cm in mesitylene. 

Under U.S. regulations. Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No. 2, No. 2 Low Sulfur, and No. 4 (Light) are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of the dye Solvent Red 164 so its presence is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26. 

Compound d ) (allyl group) Standard Solvent Temperature °C... 

Unless otherwise noted, CFCI3 was used as a chemical shift standard, solvent CH3CN. 6-Fluorotryptophan was used as a chemical shift standard. 

Standard halide, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (46). Here k. and fco are the rate constants for solvolysis of any halide, in solvent A and in the standard solvent, respectively. Ya has already been defined as a solvent parameter representing the ionising power of solvent A, while m is a compound parameter characteristic of the particular halide it is given the value 1-00 for the standard halide, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (46). The actual value of m can be taken as a measure of the susceptibility of the solvolysis of a particular halide towards the ionising power, Ya, of that solvent ... 

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