Compressors industry specifications

Electric motors are the most common drivers for the m ority of pumps, compressors, agitators, and similar equipment in the process industries. Process engineers should obtain the assistance of a qualified electrical engineer before completing motor specifications ior the wide variety of equipment applications and respective power sources. The use of standard specifications for the various types and classes of motors is helpful and reduces repetitious details. Be certain that the type of motor is properly matched to the service, atmosphere, load characteristics, and available type and power factor of the electrical energy to drive the motor. Some basic guides are summarized, but they cannot be used as all-inclusive rules to fit all plant or equipment condi-... 

A simplified flow sheet of the industrial process is shown in Fig. 5.1-1. In the first section fresh ethylene is mixed with the low-pressure recycle at 5 MPa and is compressed to 15 -35 MPa by means of a five-stage piston compressor. Fresh ethylene should have a high purity of above 99.9 vol.%. Further specifications of polymerization-grade ethylene are given in Table 5.1-1. 

Compression power accounts for more than 80% of the total energy required in the production of industrial gases and the liquefaction of natural gas. In order to minimize the cost and maintenance of cryogenic facilities, special care must be exercised to select the appropriate compression system. The three major types of compressors widely used today are reciprocating, centrifugal, and screw. Currently, there is no particular type of compressor that is generally preferred for all applications. The final selection will ultimately depend on the specific application as well as the effect of plant site and existing facilities. 

The rotor assembly in a chlorine compressor should always be carefully balanced, and its vibration at the operating speed should be measured. A peak-to-peak vibration limit of 50 [xm at low speed is conunon. At higher speeds above about 5,000 rpm, the vibration might be restricted to some lower value. An API specification limits the vibration amplitude to about 38 xm at 6,000 rpm. The Compressed Air and Gas Institute relates allowable vibration amplitude to the rotational speed by Amplitude (mm) = (7.75 rpm ) /. Evans and Istas [35] report various criteria used in the industry, along with the fact that manufacturers in practice are more concerned with the rate of increase of vibration than in its actual value. They present a graph that is equivalent to Amplitude (mm) = 305 rpm , corresponding to a vibrational speed of about 10 mm s . 

Industrial lubricants include metalworking lubricants, industrial greases, industrial lubricants, transformer oils, hydraulic oils, refrigeration oils, turbine oils, compressor oils, rock drill lubricants, paper machine oils, way lubricants, and railway journal box oils. The required additive package for each of these industrial oils is different depending on its specific application. Unlike lubricants used in automotive lubrication, industrial lubricants typically do not use metallic detergents and ashless dispersants as additives to keep metal surfaces clean and prevent insoluble materials from formation of deposits on metal surfaces [23]. However, in recent years the use of overbased detergents to supplement performance of the antiwear additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate has been reported [24]. 

Industry. Thousands of companies manufacture the component parts. Usually, they specialize in specific parts such as valves or compressors. One of the largest American companies is Parker Hannifin, based in Cleveland, Ohio, which specializes in motion control. Numatics Incorporated, in Novi, Michigan, is one of the leading providers of valves, cylinders, control systems, and air-preparation components. 

Process technician—a person who operates and maintains the complex equipment, systems, and technologies found in the chemical processing industry. Because these people work closely with specific pieces of equipment or processes, they are commonly called boiler operators, compressor technicians, distillation technicians, refinery technicians, or wastewater operators. 

Turbo compressors can be of the radial or the axial type. They differ from each other in the direction by which the compressed gas leaves the impeller. If the amount of process air is below about 400 000 m h , radial turbo compressors are preferably applied in two particular designs, i.e. the integrally geared turbo compressor and the single-shaft compressor with integrated cooling devices. Their development has decisively pushed the evolution of industrial air separation. The specific thermodynamic and mechanical properties of these compressors will be introduced in the following. 

Industrial and automotive lubricants are custom-formulated for various types of vehicle engines (depending on specified requirements from engine manufacturers and end users), drivelines (such as transmissions and gear) and industrial equipment (hydraulic, transformers, compressors) [1, 2]. It is not the intention here to cover the large variety of lubricant formulations in specifically chemical terms, as this area of science and technology is appropriately covered in lubrication-specific reviews and monographs. However, a snapshot of the most important lubricant formulation information in terms of its electrochemical properties is presented below. 

Plant design and layout Predominant wind directions can dramatically affect the compressor fouling type and rates. Orientation and elevation of air inlet suctions must be considered together with the location of air/water cooling towers in a combined cycle plant, the possibihty of exhaust gas recirculation into the air inlet, orientation of exhaust pipes from lube oil tank vapor extractors, as well as with other local and specific sources of contaminants such as location of highways, industries, seashores, etc. 

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