Cooling Integrated

Currently the most popular cooling method is the externally controlled passive cooling technique using traditional convection heat transfer and heat exchanging techniques such as fins [1], a fan [3], and compressed air for microfluidic device cooling. Integrated cooling techniques for microfluidic devices are very limited such as the Peltier thermoelectric cooler [2] and endothermic cooler [7] mentioned above. 

This reactor, named LEADIR-PS, (an acronym for LEAD-cooled Integral Reactor, Passively Safe) incorporates the inherent safety features of the Modular High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (MHTGR), while avoiding the cost of reactor and steam generator pressure vessels, and the safety concerns regarding pressure vessel rupture. 

Reactors based on this concept, and incorporating inherent shutdown and passive safety features are called LEADIR-PS, an acronym for LEAD-cooled Integral Reactor - Passively Safe. A possible configuration for LEADIR-PS, discussed in more detail in Section 3 and Section 4, is presented in Figures 1 and Figure 2. 

Laing, R.M., Niven, B., Bevin, N., Matthews, M., Wilson, C., 2006. High visiblility, UVR protection and passive cooling integrated in workplace clothing. J. Occup. Health Saf.— Aust. N. Z. 22, 567-578. 

Adiabatic operation. If adiabatic operation leads to an acceptable temperature rise for exothermic reactors or an acceptable fall for endothermic reactors, then this is the option normally chosen. If this is the case, then the feed stream to the reactor requires heating and the efiluent stream requires cooling. The heat integration characteristics are thus a cold stream (the reactor feed) and a hot stream (the reactor efiluent). The heat of reaction appears as elevated temperature of the efiluent stream in the case of exothermic reaction or reduced temperature in the case of endothermic reaction. 

The thermal profile through the reactor will in most circumstances be carefully optimized to maximize selectivity, extend catalyst life, etc. Because of this, direct heat integration with other process streams is almost never carried out. The heat transfer to or from the reactor is instead usually carried out by a heat transfer intermediate. For example, in exothermic reactions, cooling might occur by boiling water to raise steam, which, in turn, can be used to heat cold streams elsewhere in the process. 

A compact, highly integrated radiation emitter eliminates the need for design time and cost for special housings, oil insulation, cooling, etc. 

From the early 1980s to present, infrared sensitive two dimensional arrays were mated to integrated circuits for signal processing and sensitivity to better than 0.03 K (see Photodetectors). These focal plane arrays of some 500 by 500 elements eliminate the need for scanning and provide good spatial resolution. Some versions have no special cooling requirements. The development trend is to increase the number of pixels to improve resolution, increase the field of view and keep the size and cost of the optics within acceptable bounds. 

Kivcet reaction between gases and soflds, ie, flash integral electric furnace for slag reduction water-cooled wall separates the smelting and reduction atmospheres... 

The interelectrode insulators, an integral part of the electrode wall stmcture, are required to stand off interelectrode voltages and resist attack by slag. Well cooled, by contact with neighboring copper electrodes, thin insulators have proven to be very effective, particularly those made of alumina or boron nitride. Alumina is cheaper and also provides good anchoring points for the slag layer. Boron nitride has superior thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance. 

By contrast, HLW from LWR fuel reprocessing is stored ia cooled, well-agitated, stainless steel tanks as an acidic nitrate solution having relatively few sohds. Modem PUREX flow sheets minimise the addition of extraneous salts, and as a result the HLW is essentially a fission-product nitrate solution. Dissolver soHds are centrifuged from the feed stream and are stored separately. Thus the HLW has a low risk of compromising tank integrity and has a favorable composition for solidification and disposal (11). 

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