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Composites analysis

To type crude oils (see Figure 2.13). This method uses an extremely accurate compositional analysis of crudes to determine their source and possible migration route. As a result of the accuracy It is possible to distinguish not only the oils of individual accumulations in a region, but even the oils from the different drainage units within a field. If sufficient samples were taken at the exploration phase of a field, geochemistry allows one to verify cross flow and preferential depletion of units during later production. [Pg.25]

Typical analysis in the laboratory consists of sample validation, a compositional analysis of the individual and reoombined samples, measurement of oil and gas density and viscosity over a range of temperatures, and determination of the basic PVT parameters Bo, Roand B. ... [Pg.114]

A container full of hydrocarbons can be described in a number of ways, from a simple measurement of the dimensions of the container to a detailed compositional analysis. The most appropriate method is usually determined by what you want to do with the hydrocarbons. If for example hydrocarbon products are stored in a warehouse prior to sale the dimensions of the container are very important, and the hydrocarbon quality may be completely irrelevant for the store keeper. However, a process engineer calculating yields of oil and gas from a reservoir oil sample will require a detailed breakdown of hydrocarbon composition, i.e. what components are present and in what quantities. [Pg.241]

Both vapor-phase chromatography and high performance Hquid chromatography, along with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, have been used for isomer and composition analysis. [Pg.457]

However, for the past 30 years fractional separation has been the basis for most asphalt composition analysis (Fig. 10). The separation methods that have been used divide asphalt into operationally defined fractions. Four types of asphalt separation procedures are now in use ( /) chemical precipitation in which / -pentane separation of asphaltenes is foUowed by chemical precipitation of other fractions with sulfuric acid of increasing concentration (ASTM D2006) (2) solvent fractionation separation of an "asphaltene" fraction by the use of 1-butanol foUowed by dissolution of the 1-butanol solubles in... [Pg.366]

Tracer Diffusivity Tracer diffusivity, denoted by D g is related to both mutual and self-diffusivity. It is evaluated in the presence of a second component B, again using a tagged isotope of the first component. In the dilute range, tagging A merely provides a convenient method for indirect composition analysis. As concentration varies, tracer diffusivities approach mutual diffusivities at the dilute limit, and they approach selr-diffusivities at the pure component limit. That is, at the limit of dilute A in B, D g D°g and... [Pg.592]

Chromatographs can perform a total composition analysis for a sample. It is possible but inconvenient to provide an analog input for each component. Furthermore, it is often desirable to capture other information, such as the time that the analysis was made (normally the time the sample was injected). [Pg.768]

Size cut enhances resolution, optically important aerosol analysis, low artifact potential, particle bounce amenable to automated compositional analysis automated versions available large networks under development... [Pg.211]

Another confusing issue is that of depth resolution. It is a measurement of the technique s ability to clearly distinguish a property as a function of depth. For example a depth resolution of 20 A, quoted in an elemental composition analysis, means that the composition at one depth can be distinguished from that at another depth if there is at least 20 A between them. [Pg.3]

Quantitative compositional analysis from EDS or EELS, and crystal structure analysis from CBED... [Pg.14]

The STEM instrument itself can produce highly focused high-intensity beams down to 2 A if a field-emission source is used. Such an instrument provides a higher spatial resolution compositional analysis than any other widely used technique, but to capitalize on this requires very thin samples, as stated above. EELS and EDS are the two composition techniques usually found on a STEM, but CL, and even AES are sometimes incorporated. In addition simultaneous crystallographic information can be provided by diffraction, as in the TEM, but with 100 times better spatial resolution. The combination of diffraction techniques and analysis techniques in a TEM or STEM is termed Analytical Electron Microscopy, AEM. A well-equipped analytical TEM or STEM costs well over 1,000,000. [Pg.119]

Electron Probe Microanalysis, EPMA, as performed in an electron microprobe combines EDS and WDX to give quantitative compositional analysis in the reflection mode from solid surfaces together with the morphological imaging of SEM. The spatial resolution is restricted by the interaction volume below the surface, varying from about 0.2 pm to 5 pm. Flat samples are needed for the best quantitative accuracy. Compositional mapping over a 100 x 100 micron area can be done in 15 minutes for major components Z> 11), several hours for minor components, and about 10 hours for trace elements. [Pg.119]

STEM can provide image resolution of thin specimens rivaling TEM, but in addition can provide simultaneous crystallographic and compositional analysis at a higher spatial resolution than any other widely-used technique. Any solid material may be examined, provided that a specimen can be prepared that is less than about 100 nm in thickness. [Pg.172]

Auger electron spectroscopy is the most frequently used surface, thin-film, or interface compositional analysis technique. This is because of its very versatile combination of attributes. It has surface specificity—a sampling depth that varies... [Pg.310]

In the discussion so far we have considered the typical LEIS experiment only, i.e. large angles of incidence of exit relative to the surface plane. Under these conditions, in general, quantitative composition analysis is possible, because the ion-target interaction can be considered as a binary collision, because of the absence of matrix effects (see below). [Pg.154]

Surface composition analysis by LEIS is based on the use of noble gas ions as projectiles, making use of the superb surface sensitivity of LEIS under these conditions. A consequence of this surface sensitivity is that the LEIS energy spectrum consists of lines, one per element, if the masses differ sufficiently. The lines are narrow, because inelastic energy losses play a minor role here. Thus, the information on the atomic species present is deduced from the energy of the back-scattered ions, which can be converted to the mass of the scattering center. (Eig. 3.55 [3.141]). In Eig. 3.55 it is shown that the mass range, where LEIS is sensitive, depends on the projectile mass. [Pg.154]

A further example where quantitative surface composition analysis is possible for a non-trivial surface is shown in Fig. 3.58, where for the systems Ta -i- O and Nb -i- O adsorption the ion signal from the metal is shown as a function of the ion signal from O. In this binary example Eq. (3.43) are valid for the concentration ... [Pg.156]

The most common ions observed as a result of electron-stimulated desorption are atomic (e. g., H, 0, E ), but molecular ions such as OH", CO", H20, and 02" can also be found in significant quantities after adsorption of H2O, CO, CO2, etc. Substrate metallic ions have never been observed, which means that ESD is not applicable to surface compositional analysis of solid materials. The most important application of ESD in the angularly resolved form ESDIAD is in determining the structure and mode of adsorption of adsorbed species. This is because the ejection of positive ions in ESD is not isotropic. Instead the ions are desorbed along specific directions only, characterized by the orientation of the molecular bonds that are broken by electron excitation. [Pg.177]

The atom probe field-ion microscope (APFIM) and its subsequent developments, the position-sensitive atom probe (POSAP) and the pulsed laser atom probe (PLAP), have the ultimate sensitivity in compositional analysis (i.e. single atoms). FIM is purely an imaging technique in which the specimen in the form of a needle with a very fine point (radius 10-100 nm) is at low temperature (liquid nitrogen or helium) and surrounded by a noble gas (He, Ne, or Ar) at 10 -10 Pa. A fluorescent screen or a... [Pg.179]

Run-of-the-mill instruments can achieve a resolution of 5-10 nm, while the best reach 1 nm. The remarkable depth of focus derives from the fact that a very small numerical aperture is used, and yet this feature does not spoil the resolution, which is not limited by dilfraction as it is in an optical microscope but rather by various forms of aberration. Scanning electron microscopes can undertake compositional analysis (but with much less accuracy than the instruments treated in the next section) and there is also a way of arranging image formation that allows atomic-number contrast, so that elements of different atomic number show up in various degrees of brightness on the image of a polished surface. [Pg.225]

Several techniques which combine imaging with spectrometric (compositional) analysis have now been explained. It is time to move on to straight spectrometry. [Pg.233]

FIGURE 5.5 (a) The hydroxy amino acids serine and threonine are slowly destroyed during the course of protein hydrolysis for amino acid composition analysis. Extrapolation of the data back to time zero allows an accurate estimation of the amonnt of these amino acids originally present in the protein sample, (b) Peptide bonds involving hydrophobic amino acid residues snch as valine and isolencine resist hydrolysis by HCl. With time, these amino acids are released and their free concentrations approach a limiting value that can be approximated with reliability. [Pg.112]

The complexity of oil fractions is not so much the number of different classes of compounds, but the total number of components that can be present. Even more challenging is the fact that, unlike the situation with other complex samples, in which only a few specific compounds have to be separated from the matrix, in oil fractions the components of the matrix itself are the analytes. Figure 14.1 presents an estimation (by extrapolation) of the total number of possible hydrocarbon isomers with up to twenty carbon atoms present in oil fractions. Although probably not all of these isomers are always present, these numbers are nevertheless somewhat overwhelming. This makes a complete compositional analysis using a single column separation of unsaturated fractions with boiling points above 100 °C utterly impossible. [Pg.378]

Pennington, Composition Analysis Procedures For PBXN-1, PBXN-2, PBXN-3, PBXN4 and PBXN-5 , NOTS TP 3337, NAVWEPS 8409 rioA/n jo in a c +f onvM.im a... [Pg.552]


See other pages where Composites analysis is mentioned: [Pg.114]    [Pg.1640]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.356]    [Pg.66]    [Pg.401]    [Pg.17]    [Pg.14]    [Pg.37]    [Pg.138]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.378]    [Pg.456]    [Pg.572]    [Pg.177]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.86]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.69]    [Pg.300]    [Pg.241]    [Pg.241]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.660 ]




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Amino acid composition analysis

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Analysis of Composite Structures

Analysis of Continuous Fibre Composites

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Analysis of Short Fibre Composites

Analysis of a Single Lap Laminated Composite Joint

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Analysis of composite data sets

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Base composition analysis

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Capillary electrophoresis compositional analysis

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Composite dispersed materials Dielectric analysis

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Composite material analysis

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Composites Design Analysis (CoDA

Composites Simultaneous Thermal Analysis

Composites failure analysis

Composition Analysis with the Analytical Electron Microscope

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Compositional analyses INDEX

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Compositional analysis precipitates

Compositional analysis resolution capability

Compositional analysis statistical uncertainty

Compositional analysis surface layers

Compositional analysis thermogravimetry (TG)

Compositional analysis variable number

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Compositional analysis, of foods

Compositional and Structural Analysis

Compositional changes, methods analysis

Compositional properties an analysis of long sequences

Copolymer analysis chemical composition distribution

Cord-rubber composites analysis

Design and failure analysis of composite bolted joints for aerospace composites

Dynamic mechanical analysis carbon fiber-reinforced composites

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Elemental identity, compositional analysis

Enantiomeric composition compounds analysis

Environmental Effects, Biodegradation, and Life Cycle Analysis of Fully Biodegradable Green Composites

Experimental procedure compositional analysis

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Fatty acid composition, analysis

Feed Composition Sensitivity Analysis (ZSA)

Feed composition sensitivity analysis

Foulant composition analysis

Fourier transform infrared chemical composition analysis

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Glycosyl-linkage composition analysis

Glycosylation composition analysis

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Hydride compositional analysis techniques

Identification and Compositional Analysis

Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic Composition

Ion compositional analysis

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Lead Azide Explosive, Primer and Detonator Compositions Analysis of mixtures

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Lipid, analysis composition

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Liquid chromatography—mass compositional analysis

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Matrix composition, principal component analysis

Matrix-assisted laser desorption—ionization compositional analysis

Medium compositional analysis

Metabolism) compositional analysis

Metal Ion Sites Number, Composition, and Population Analysis

Methods of counting single ions and compositional analysis

Microbeam Analysis Providing Microdomain, Surface Structure, and Composition

Microstructure Analysis of Composite aterials

Milk analysis composition

Mixed chemical composition, analysis

Monosaccharides composition analysis

Monosaccharides compositional analysis

Normal-phase liquid chromatography compositional analysis

Nutritional composition elemental analysis

Oligosaccharides composition analysis

Oligosaccharides compositional analysis

Pinch analysis by temperature interval method and grand composite curve

Point analysis providing chemical composition of layers and bulk

Poly compositional analysis

Polymer Spectroscopy and Compositional Analysis

Polymer characterization composition analysis

Polymeric material compositional analyses

Quantitative analysis of phase composition

Quantitative surface analysis of catalysts composition, dispersion and coverage

Rainwater composition analysis

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Reversed-phase liquid chromatography compositional analysis

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Spatial location, compositional analysis

Stability analysis, thermal composites

Stiffness analysis of polymer composites filled with spherical particles

Structure Analysis of Composite Materials

Styrene compositional analysis

Surface composition by analysis of neutral and

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Targeted chemical composition analysis

Techniques of Compositional Analysis

Tensile properties analysis composites

Terpolymers compositional analysis

Thermal performance analysis composites

Thermogravimetric Analysis for Composites and Fibers

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