Composition, biomass analysis

Fenchel T, King G, Blackburn FI (1998) Bacterial biogeochemistry the ecophysiology of mineral cycling. Academic Press, London, UK Francl LJ (1993) Multivariate analysis of selected edaphic factors and their relationship to Heterodera glycines population density. J Nematol 25 270-276 Frostegard A, Tunlid A, Baath E (1993) Phospholipid fatty acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial comunities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 3605-3617... 

The Importance of Reliable Compositional Methods for Biomass Analysis... 

Hames, B. R., Thomas, S. R., Sluiter, A. D., Roth, C. J., and Templeton, D. W., Rapid biomass analysis New tools for the compositional analysis of com stover feedstocks and process intermedites from ethanol production. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2003, 105-108, Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium for the Biotechnology of Fuels and Chemicals, 1-12. 

This project focuses on the development of high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HR-TGA) as a rapid, low-cost method for the analysis of biomass composition of shmb willow. The goal is to provide an alternative method for biomass analysis that is faster and... 

A bacterium is grown aerobically with glucose as sole source of carbon and ammonium ions as nitrogen source. Experimental analysis shows that six moles of glucose are utilised for each mole of biomass produced. Write the reaction equation for growth if the elemental composition of the cells is CHi,666 CW Nojd. 

Torsvic V, Goksoyr J, Daae FL, Sorheim R, Michalsen J, Salte K (1994) Use of DNA analysis to determine the diversity of microbial communities. In Ritz K, Dighton J, Giller KE (eds) Beyond the biomass compositional and functional analysis of soil microbial communities. John Wiley, Chichester, pp 39-48... 

Uncertainties with the availability and suitability of biomass resources for energy production are primarily due to their varying moisture content, and to a lesser degree to their chemical composition and heating value. As the moisture content of biomass increases, the efficiency of thermal conversion process decreases. At some point more energy may have to be expended to dry the biomass than it contains. Uncertainties can be reduced by conducting a detailed chemical and physical analysis of the biomass sources. 

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 25 864 as biomass, 3 684 cadmium in, 4 489-490 characteristics of leachates in, 25 867t characterizing, 25 866-869 collection of, 25 869-870 composition analysis for, 27 365t ferrous scrap in, 27 411 incineration of, 25 872-873 mixed, 27 367-369 preparation of, 27 367-369 processing, 27 364-371 quantity and composition of, 27 362-364 recovery rates for, 27 364, 366-367t recycled, 27 360, 362-371 toxic chemicals in, 25 875-876 Municipal waste sludge, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal water, for aquaculture, 3 198 Municipal water softening methods,... 

Secondly, a biosynthetic investigation on lignin variation was undertaken using maize internodes. Maize internodes were examined in this study since (a) fewer plants were required for analysis (greater biomass) and (b) possible variations between normal and b.m-mutants (21) could be studied. Lignin contents and monomer composition were compared between internodes, both being collected at the top and the bottom of the maize stem. These plant parts were chosen because of differences in the digestibility of different internodes as documented for Timothy (Phleum pratense)... 

Macromolecular biomass composition is of obvious interest when the biomass itself is the product, such as algal biomass in [18], or for production of singlecell protein, for e.g. animal feedstock. Moreover, for a precise metabolic flux analysis, changes in biomass composition should be taken in account. For example, Henriksen et al. [19] observed with E. coli under different growth rates, that the levels of DNA and lipids were relatively constant, whereas the proteins and stable RNA levels increased with the specific growth rate and the total amount of carbohydrates decreased. 

An alternative, at least semi-quantitative method to follow changes in biomass composition is infrared (IR) spectroscopy [22]. From dried samples of microbial cells, IR spectra can be obtained which contain information on all major cell components. The spectra are analysed as a multi-component mixture Characteristic bands in the spectra are identified, the extinction coefficients for each component (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acids) at each band are determined, and the concentrations are calculated by a system of linear equations. The method gives results on all major cell components simultaneously, and is relatively quick and easy to perform, compared to the chemical analysis methods. For details see Sect. 8.4 below. 

Materials (ASTM).94 In addition, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory95 (NREL) has developed and validated a collection of standard laboratory analytical procedures specifically for the compositional analysis of biomass including, but going beyond those of the ASTM. These wet chemical methods of analysis are based on the fractionation of the biomass sample and the isolation of purified fractions that can be quantified using conventional analytical instruments.96 These methods are primarily used in feedstock-specific portfolios containing analysis methods for each of the relevant constituents. In most cases, these portfolios enable the identification and quantification of greater than 95 percent of the dry mass of biomass feedstock and biomass-derived materials. 

The analytical methods used to determine the composition of biomass materials are also a source of some variance in this kind of analysis. It must be determined whether variance due to sampling and measurement techniques is significant in light of variance from genetic and environmental sources. 

The impact of extraneous inorganic matter on the analysis cannot be predicted. Most chemical analysis methods have been optimized for bark-free wood that has an ash content of less than 2 percent. These methods may not be applicable to herbaceous materials where structural silica can increase the ash content to more than 15 percent of the dry weight of the biomass. One potential problem with high ash samples is that inorganic materials, depending on their composition, may neutralize the sulfuric acid solutions used in the hydrolysis steps. The affect of pH changes... 

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