Commonwealth National Health

The Commonwealth National Health Act 1953 (the National Health Act), together with the National Health (Pharmaceutical Benefits)... 

The Commonwealth Government negotiates an agreed wholesale price with the pharmaceutical company sponsor, through a senior officer in the pharmaceutical benefits branch. This process applies to all products subsidised as PBS-listed items under Section 85 of the National Health Act, including products that are priced below the general patient co-payment. 

NHMRC, 1992. Cyclodiene Insecticide Use in Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra. 

We are grateful to the Australian Research Council (ARC) for Discovery grants an ARC Postdoctoral Fellowship (CPM) an ARC Professorial Fellowship (PAL) and ARC LIEF grants for the FTIR instrumentation and for National Health and Medical Research Council project grants 211040 and 352354 (TCS). This work was supported by the Australian Synchrotron Research Program, which is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia under the Major National Research Facilities Program. 

R. Moschel, J. J. Stezowski, and D. E. Zacharias for many helpful discussions and collaborations. Most of the diagrams were drawn using the computer programs VIEW (141) and DOCK (142). Figure 21 was drawn with data obtained from the Protein Data Bank, Brookhaven. The work of the author was supported by grants CA-10925, CA-22780, CA-06927, RR-05539 from the National Institutes of Health, BC-242 from the American Cancer Society, and by an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

Supported, in part, by grant HL-03229 and Research Career Award HL-00734 from the National Institutes of Health and by funds from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The authors thank the following individuals who have contributed to the work discussed in this review Drs. Jon A. Story, Susanne K. Czarnecki, and Ms. Shirley A. Tepper. 

I wish to thank Andrew B. Carrell, who assisted with many of the calculations and figure preparations necessary for the production of this chapter. I also thank H. L. Carrell, G. D. Markham, A. S. Mildvan, and E. K. Patterson for many helpful discussions. Ball-and-stick drawings were drawn with the computer program VIEW (Carrell, 1976). Use of the Cambridge Structural Database (Allen etal., 1979) and the Protein Data Bank (Bernstein el al., 1977) is acknowledged. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants GM 44360, CA 10925, and CA 06927 and by an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

This work was supported by grants CA10925 and CA06927 from the National Institutes of Health and by an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Peimsylvania. 1 thank Dr. G. D. Markham for helpful discussions. 

Research sponsored in part by the National Cancer Institute, DHHS, under contract with ABL. Other support includes National Institutes of Health grants CA47486 and CA06927, a grant for infectious disease research from Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, and an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Peimsylvania. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

In 1953 the Public Health Service in cooperation with state and local departments in air-pollution control agencies set up air sampling stations in 17 communities. The Federal Air Pollution Research and Technical Assistance Act (Public Law 159, 84th Congress) became effective in June, 1955. The network expanded to become national in 1957, at which time about 110 urban and 51 non-urban stations in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico were operated on a continuing basis. Currently, the National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) includes some 270 stations (10% of which are non-urban) where particulate matter is collected on glass-fiber filters and TSP is deter-... 

National Program for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, National Program for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer Evaluation of Phase One I July 1991-30 June 1994, Canberra, Australia, 1994. 

Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice (CPMP/ICH/135/95). Annotated with TGA comments. Therapeutic Goods Administration [TGA] (Australia), Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. The TGA has adopted CPMP/ICH/ 135/95 in principle but has recognised that some elements are, by necessity, overridden by the National Statement (and therefore not adopted) and that others require explanation in terms of local regulatory requirements , July 2000. http //www.health.gov.au/tga/docs/html/ ichl3595.htm. 

National Medicines Policy 2000, ISBN 0642415684 Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care Canberra Australia, 2000 1-7. 

Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. National Guidelines to Achieve the Continuum of Quality Use of Medicines Between Hospital and Community, ISBN 0642272646 Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services Canberra, Australia 1998 1-11. Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated Best Practice Model for Medication Management in Residential Aged Care Facilities, ISBN 0642415390 Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Canberra, Australia 2000 1-17. 

Burgess, N. The National Pharmacy Casemix Bridging Study—Report to the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia Adelaide, Australia, 1998. 

Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. National Guidelines to Achieve the Continuum of Quality Use of Medicines Between Hospital and Community. Canberra Publications Production Unit, Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, 1998. 

This work was funded in part by grant CA06927 from the National Institutes of Health, a grant from the American Cancer Society, and an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. I thank the Research Computing Services of Fox Chase Cancer Center for computer support. 

The author would like to thank Wei Li, Junwen Wang for their contributions in developing NdPASA. The author also thanks for the financial support from the National Institutes of Health (GM54630), the American Cancer Society (PRG9926301GMC), and an appropriation from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

I am grateful to my collaborators, J. J. Villafranca, T. Nowak, M. C. Scrutton, R. D. Kobes, W. J. Rutter, K. Schray, I. A. Rose, I. Givot, and R. H. Abeles, whose work is described here. This project was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants AM-13351, AM-09760, GM-12246, CA-06927 and FR-05539, National Science Foundation Grant GB-8579, and an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This work was done during the tenure of an Estabhshed Investigatorship from the American Heart Association. 

Australian Coimcil for Safety and Quality in Health Care 2003. Open Disclosure Standard A National Standard for Open Communication in Public and Private Hospitals, Following an Adverse Event in Health Care. Commonwealth of Australia Publications no 3320. 

Understanding the Consumer s View. In 1997, the National Patient Safety Foundation commissioned a survey of how the public perceives risk when interacting with the health care system. Of those who responded, 42 percent reported that either they or someone they knew had experienced an injury when visiting a physician s office (Louis Harris and Associates, 1997). Studies by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Commonwealth Fund support these results. A 2002 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that one-third of U.S. physicians reported that they or a family member had been harmed by medical error (Blendon and others, 2002). The Commonwealth Fund found that one in ten consumers reported... 

Australia adopted this approach with the National Occupational Health and Safety Strategy in 2002. The strategy involved the Commonwealth, six states, and two territories. A publication by Safe Work Australia illustrates how to manage workplace safety and health under the overall approach. The implementation extends to worker levels using risk analysis and the hierarchy of controls. Figure 5-1 provides an example of a worker-level card to help in decision-making. 

Data linkage is another example of a nationwide infrastructure initiative. The Population Health Research Network (PHRN), shared among Australian states and territories, supported by the commonwealth s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Scheme, links health-related data from different collections to allow large-scale population health research to be conducted efficiently and effectively. With the ability to provide large sample groups, the PHRN facilitates a whole-of-population approach to health and health-related research. PHRN units themselves do not conduct health-related research based on these data sets rather, they specialize in providing infrastructure for researchers who need to link data sets and exchange data collections securely and ethically [37]. 

---