Breast cancer evaluation

Jacobs TW, Gown AM, Yaziji H, et al. HER-2/neu protein expression in breast cancer evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A study of interlaboratory agreement. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2000 113 251-258. 

Dybdal N, Leiberman G, Anderson S, et al. Determination of HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and concordance with the clinical trials immunohistochemical assay in women with metastatic breast cancer evaluated for treatment with trastuzumab. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2005 93 3-11. 

National Program for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, National Program for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer Evaluation of Phase One I July 1991-30 June 1994, Canberra, Australia, 1994. 

Meg estrolAceta.te. This compound is used outside the United States as an oral contraceptive. In the United States, it is used for the paUiative treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, or as an adjunct to other therapies. Its use has been associated with an increased appetite and food intake and has been evaluated in the treatment of anorexia and cachexia (107). 

Another example is the use of Tc-sestamibi, approved for use in the evaluation of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, in patients with breast cancer. Use in breast cancer is under investigation by a number of physicians. The data are not yet sufficient to determine the efficacy of this agent in this setting. Its safety, of course, has already been demonstrated as part of its initial evaluation for heart disease. 

Assess the patient for use of HRT by evaluating for the presence of vasomotor symptoms. If the patient is experiencing bothersome vasomotor symptoms, consider the use of HRT only after assessing for risk factors for heart disease and breast cancer. If vasomotor symptoms are tolerable and/or the patient has risk factors for heart disease and/or breast cancer, consider alternative, non-hormonal treatments for vasomotor symptoms. 

In addition to effects on bone, raloxifene may have effects in breast tissue and on the cardiovascular system. A secondary end point of the MORE trial evaluated the effects of raloxifene on the primary prevention of breast cancer and found a significant reduction in all types of breast cancer.33 Raloxifene decreases total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,34 and studies are evaluating its effect on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.35... 

Evaluate available chemotherapy options for patients with metastatic breast cancer based on pertinent patient and disease-state characteristics. 

Toremifene is a recently marketed antiestrogen whose primary advantage is a lower estrogenic antiestrogenic ratio than tamoxifen (based on laboratory data).41 Toremifene (60 mg orally daily) has been found to have efficacy similar to that of tamoxifen in metastatic disease and a generally similar side-effect profile.42 Currently, toremifene is indicated as an alternative to tamoxifen in patients with metastatic breast cancer, but studies are ongoing that evaluate its safety and efficacy in the adjuvant setting. 

Khamis S, Bibby MC, Brown JE, Cooper PA, Scowen I, Wright CW. Phytochemistry and preliminary biological evaluation of Cyathostemma argenteum, a Malaysian plant used traditionally for the treatment of breast cancer. Phytother Res 2004 18 507-510. 

To evaluate PARP inhibition in a realistic setting, olaparib (7) was tested in a BrcflI / p53 / mouse breast cancer model. Treatment with olaparib caused tumor growth inhibition without generating signs of toxicity [14]. Interestingly, upon cessation of treatment and tumor... 

Umemura S, Itoh H, Ohta M, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of hormone receptor for routine practice of breast cancer highly sensitive procedures significantly contribute to the correlation with biochemical assays. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 2003 11 62-72. 

Combining both heating and nonheating protocols employed in a sequential order were evaluated, but without any advantage (Fig. 3.4). RT-PCR was performed by standard methods, RNA extracted from fresh MDA cells and human tissue of breast cancer with known tested genes was used as positive control, and pure water was used to replace template (cDNA) as negative control for every experiment of PCR. To assure the accuracy of PCR tests, all reactions were performed in triplicate. 

At Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd., invasive breast cancer tissue controls, demonstrating HER2 expression levels at 3+, 2+, 1+, and 0, are incorporated into all Oracle HER2 Bond IHC System cell line quality control runs. This ensures that control cell lines are validated as a viable assay control. The evaluation of control cell lines should always be performed within the context of appropriate tolerance limits. Subtle changes from batch to batch may occur, and it is the correct evaluation of the cell line staining patterns within appropriate tolerance limits that enables control cell lines to be utilized both in a commercial setting and as an EQA monitoring device. 

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-processed sections from commercially prepared composite cell line block comprising the human breast carcinoma cell lines SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-175, and MDA-MB-231, have been used consistently for the past 5 years for HER2 IffC EQA evaluation. More recently, the same composite cell line block reference material has been introduced for EQA evaluation of HER2 ISH testing of breast cancer. The principles and protocols developed and established for running of these two schemes have been recently described by Miller et al.13 and Bartlett et al.14... 

Bartlett JMS, Going JJ, Mallon EA, et al. Evaluating HER2 amplification and overexpression in breast cancer. J. Pathol. 2001 195 422 128. 

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