Public production

Pharmaceutical innovation has made a decisive contribution to the reduction of mortality and the improvement of quality of life. The role of patents in providing incentives for innovation has been crucial. Yet at the same time there are limitations that need to be overcome in the future. Here we will mention just two examples orphan drugs and parallel imports. Patents do not offer incentives to develop drugs for low-prevalence diseases, known as orphan drugs. Governments are sometimes faced with the option of public production, as the private sector does not invest in them. Yet these would be precisely the cases in which experiments would be conducted with new models for promoting innovation, as discussed in this chapter. 

D Health Safety Topics j D Publications Products B Data Statistics... 

Health Safety Topics Publications Products Data Statistics Conferences Events... 

By contrast, in countries with a small market size, domestic demand is likely to be insufficient to justify large private outlays for R D. Pharmaceutical companies and equity flows available to such companies appear to be attracted to countries in which there is a sizable domestic market or, at least, public policies are favorable to the sale of pharmaceutical products. Thus, smaller countries, which inevitably have smaller domestic markets, tend not to be as well positioned to attract pharmaceutical companies and investment. In addition, such countries are more vulnerable to shortages in the event of national emergencies, such as pandemics. For this reason, some form of government intervention may be required, including government subsidy, public investment in pharmaceutical research, and even direct public production. 

Diamond, P.A., Mirrlees, J.A., 1971a. Optimal taxation and public production. I. Production efficiency. American Economic Review 61, 8-27. 

If this is not possible, for either practical or theoretical reasons, document trails are needed to show what course of action was considered, and the rationale for the decisions made. A good basic rule is always that the manufacturers should be more aware of the shortcomings of their materials or products than their customers, and should share the knowledge with the public. Product liability lawyers make it their business to care how manufacturers test for flammability to ensure that the public is adequately protected. 

Reminder Most publishers require both PDF and word-processing versions of a manuscript to be used for peer review and publication production, respectively. 

Canadian Pharmaceutical Association. Compendium of Pharmaceutical and Specialties, 2007 (www.pharmacists.ca/content/about cpha/who we are/publications products/inside publications.cfm cps). 

The American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., of New York, publishes Steel Construction Digest 6) quarterly which is available without charge to the public. Production and sales data on fabricated structural steel are collected monthly, but these are restricted to members. 

Biotechnology Information Directory. Cato Research. URL http //www.cato.com/biotech/. Information sources, publications, products, services, software, companies, clinical trials, regulatory affairs, education, employment, RSS feed. 

Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. National Guidelines to Achieve the Continuum of Quality Use of Medicines Between Hospital and Community. Canberra Publications Production Unit, Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, 1998. 

Several kinds of evidence were noted of a gradual decline in publication productivity of industrial organizations from 1973-1976—especially in basic research. 

Document and Publications Production. (2013). Global employment trends for youth 2013 A generation at risk/international labour ofiBce—Geneva ILO, 2013. 

Halachmi, A. (2005) Governance and risk management Challenges and public productivity , International Journal of Public Sector Management, 18 (4) 500-517. 

Battersby M, et al. The development of selfmanagement for SA HealthPlus participants in the Australian coordinated care trials recollections of an evaluation. In C.D.o.H.a Aging, editor. Partners in health. Canberra Publications Production Unit, Public Affairs, Parliamentary and Access Branch ... 

S) Copyright 1995 Published By J. J. KELLER ASSOCIATES, INC. P.O. Box 368 - Neenah, Wisconsin 54957-0368 1-800-327-6868 Regulatory Compliance Publications, Products Senrices ... 

Public sector hatcheries may be designated for research and/or production. The former are often affiliated with academic institutions or state and federal agencies where they are used to answer scientific queries about a species and to acquire information about its fife-cycle and nutritional requirements. Public production hatcheries may also provide animals for restoration or enhancement stocking. The practice of using aquaculture to produce food has been around for 3(XX) years by comparison, the production of aquatic animals for use as a means to restore depleted populations or, more recently, ecosystems is a relatively new field. Enhancement production is typified by governmental fish hatcheries that raise and distribute... 

In this connection the purpose advertised is of particular importance, that means how the product attributes are offered publicly. Products which are placed on the market with an appropriate indication like disinfectant, bactericidal, antimicrobicidal or wood-protecting are normally considered biocidal products for the purpose of this Directive. But besides the public offer the expectation of the purchaser also plays an important role. 

Fox, Mary Frank. 2005. Gender, family eharacteristics, and publication productivity among Scientists. )c/a/Sii/t/ies o/ S crence, 35(1) 131-150. 

PUBLICITY/MEDIA J Bad publicity K Public / product concern AUTHORITIES L Environmental protection M Industrial incidents/accidents OTHER EFFECTS N Evacuation of site O Evacuation of pnbtlc P Obnoxious odour Consider possible release or loss of radio-aedve material... 

With the implementation of the PNM, Brazil expanded a strategic project for the technological development of medicines, initially through public production of essential medicines by laboratories belonging to the SUS (currently 19 SUS public laboratories). Two notable health policies in this initial period were investments by the Ministry of Health to allow public laboratories to produce less-expensive versions of anti-retroviral drugs, beginning in 1996, and the implementation of the Generic Medicines Law in 1999. 

Flynn, M. (2008) Public production of anti-retroviral medicines in Brazil, 1990-2007, Development and Change, 39 (4), 513-36. 

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