Alkaline-earth metal salts

Forms water-soluble alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. Heating with KCN gives benzonitrile and phenol is formed by fusion with NaOH or KOH. Further sulphonation at 250°C gives benzene-1,3-disulphonic acid. 

Processes rendered obsolete by the propylene ammoxidation process (51) include the ethylene cyanohydrin process (52—54) practiced commercially by American Cyanamid and Union Carbide in the United States and by I. G. Farben in Germany. The process involved the production of ethylene cyanohydrin by the base-cataly2ed addition of HCN to ethylene oxide in the liquid phase at about 60°C. A typical base catalyst used in this step was diethylamine. This was followed by liquid-phase or vapor-phase dehydration of the cyanohydrin. The Hquid-phase dehydration was performed at about 200°C using alkah metal or alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids, primarily formates and magnesium carbonate. Vapor-phase dehydration was accomphshed over alumina at about 250°C. 

Salt Formation. Salt-forming reactions of adipic acid are those typical of carboxylic acids. Alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are water soluble alkaline earth metal salts have limited solubiUty (see Table 5). Salt formation with amines and diamines is discussed in the next section. 

Because of the special stabiHty of the hexafluoroarsenate ion, there are a number of appHcations of hexafluoroarsenates. For example, onium hexafluoroarsenates (33) have been described as photoinitiators in the hardening of epoxy resins (qv). Lithium hexafluoroarsenate [29935-35-1] has been used as an electrolyte in lithium batteries (qv). Hexafluoroarsenates, especially alkaH and alkaline-earth metal salts or substituted ammonium salts, have been reported (34) to be effective as herbicides (qv). Potassium hexafluoroarsenate [17029-22-0] has been reported (35) to be particularly effective against prickly pear. However, environmental and regulatory concerns have severely limited these appHcations. 

Other Additives. To provide and maintain the clarity of clear shampoos, the use of either ethyl or isopropyl alcohol maybe employed. Perfumes are added to make shampoos more pleasing in terms of odor, while dyes are incorporated to give visual aesthetics to the products. Salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are found to sequester and prevent formation of insoluble alkaline-earth metal salts. 

Commercial Stabilizers. There is a great variety of commercial formulations utilizing the mixture of the alkaU and alkaline-earth metal salts and soaps. In many cases, products are custom formulated to meet the needs of a particular appHcation or customer. The acidic ligands used ia these products vary widely and have dramatic effects on the physical properties of the PVC formulations. The choice of ligands can affect the heat stabiHty, rheology, lubricity, plate-out tendency, clarity, heat sealabiHty, and electrical and mechanical properties of the final products. No single representative formulation can cover the variety of PVC appHcations where these stabilizers are used. 

In general, the alkah and alkaline-earth metal salts of the B q- and B22-halogenated derivatives have excellent thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stabihties. 

In lieu of utilizing calcium carbonate as the neutralizing agent, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, barium chloride or other alkaline earth metal salt or hydroxide forming an insoluble Sulfate may be employed. 

Table 7.3 Deposition of boiler section waterside surfaces by alkaline earth metal salts, other inorganic salts, and organics. (Note Deposition can also take place in the pre-boiler section.)...

The taste of saccharin was further studied, and it was found that (1) the alkaline-earth-metal salts are sweet, whereas the heavy-metal salts are astringent (2) the sweet taste is lost if the sulfimide ring is cleaved, or if... 

Reduction of stilbene [18] or dipheny-lacetylene [214] in DME yields 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutane, whereas phenanthrene [214] provides 9,9, 10,10 -tetra-hydro-9.9 -biphenanthrene. Hydrodimerization was also observed with benzalfluo-rene [225]. If DME is replaced by acetonitrile, protonation completely dominates hydrodimerization [18]. In carefully dried ethers, using alkali or alkaline earth metals salts as supporting electrolyte, 1,1-diphenylethylene can be reduced ca-thodicaUy to give stable solutions of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutane dianions [226]. These dianions can be cleaved by flash... 

In the fatty acid distillation process, wastewater is generated as a result of an acidification process, which breaks the emulsion. This wastewater is neutralized and sent to the sewer. It will contain salt from the neutralization, zinc and alkaline earth metal salts from the fat splitting catalyst, and emulsified fatty acids and fatty acid polymers. 

The main reason for avoiding water as a solvent is the fact that the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali and alkaline-earth metal salts commences at 1.7-2.0 volts (depending on the electrode material) and results in the evolution of O2 and H2. If the cell itself has a higher voltage, internal electrolysis can, but not always does occur, accompanied by the evolution of H2 and O2 and by self-discharge (117). However, this fact does not preclude attempts to create moist primary batteries with Li, Na or Ca, if the activity of H2O is kept sufficiently low. 

To prepare alkali- or alkaline earth-modified zeolites or mesoporous moleeular sieves, identieal general methodologies are used. Thus, alkaline earth eation-exehanged zeolites are prepared by exehange of the zeolite in the sodium form in aqueous solution of alkaline earth metal salts, followed by washing and ealeination. Alkaline earth metal oxides loaded in zeolites are also prepared by impregnation of alkaline earth metal salts sueh as nitrates, aeetates, or ethoxides followed by ealeination (70,215,216). 

MeO N Me -catalyzcd raethanolysis of phenyl acetate is accelerated by the addition of alkaline-earth metal salts. The kinetics are consistent with a reaction scheme [Eq. (1)] involving preassociation of MeO ion with the metal cation (Km) and independent contributions to the overall rate from free (ko) and cation-paired (Icm) MeO [3,4]. 

Beryllium halides have been found to form complexes with several aldehydes, ketones and esters.74 Antipyrine, which acts as a monodentate carbonyl ligand, dissolves alkaline earth metal salts to give solid products of the type MX2-6ap (M24 = Mg, Ca, Sr X = C102 M24 = Mg, Ca X = BFT). The X-ray structure of Mg(C104)2-6ap confirms the monodentation and shows the magnesium to be octahedrally coordinated. 

Alkaline earth metal salts, such as the perchlorates, are also complexed by TMSB,189 and isolated species such as bis(2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-l,3-propanediolato(l - )0,N)-copper(II)-sodium perchlorate H2O20° have also been found.30... 

H2 gas is evolved in the electrolysis of solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. For example, in the electrolysis of an NaCl solution we would obtain H2 gas,... 

Adducts of Alkali Metal Salts and Alkaline-earth Metal Salts. 215... 

Dialysis experiments" have shown that Ca2 , Mg2 , Ba2 , and Sr2 form soluble chelates in aqueous alkaline solution with D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-arabinose, D-ribose, maltose, and lactose. The absence of any precipitation of alkaline-earth metal hydroxide when an aqueous solution containing D-fructose and an alkaline-earth metal salt is made alkaline... 

Tabic I records most of the known, isolated adducts of alkali metal salts and alkaline-earth metal salts with polyhydroxy compounds. A... 

Application of Job s principle00 to aqueous solutions of sucrose and alkaline-earth metal salts (magnesium sulfate, calcium acetate, and barium chloride), whose combined concentration was 1 M, gave curves of Aa against concentration that exhibited two maxima, one at 0.5 M sucrose and the other at 0.66 M sucrose. These observations suggest that both 1 1 and 2 1 carbohydrate-salt adducts can exist in solution. 

Adducts prepared in aqueous media generally possess one or more molecules of water of hydration per molecule, the number being a function of cation, anion, and the combining ratio of carbohydrate to salt. Available data on complexes of simple carbohydrates indicate that three molecules of water per molecule may be the maximum for adducts of alkali metal salts as many as seven have been reported for those of the alkaline-earth metal salts. Most complexes, however, possess only one or two molecules per molecule. Generally, the higher the combining ratio, the smaller is the number of water molecules that can be accommodated by a molecule of the adduct. 

Adducts of alkali metal salts prepared in anhydrous alcoholic media generally retain very little alcohol of solvation after being dried under vacuum at room temperature (see Table I). The unusual ability of adducts of D-glucitol to retain alcohol is probably due largely to the great ability of D-glucitol itself to retain solvent. Adducts of alkaline-earth metal salts, however, are more strongly solvated by alcohol than adducts of alkali metal salts. For example,21 lactose CaClj 4 MeOH is relatively stable at 60° at atmospheric pressure under vacuum (< 19 mm. of Hg), a molecule releases only two of the four molecules of methanol. From aqueous alcoholic media, adducts of alkaline-earth metal salts tend to crystallize as hydrates. 

Electrophoretic migration of carbohydrates in solutions of alkali metal salts or alkaline-earth metal salts demonstrates the ability of carbohydrates... 

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