Commercial sulfonate formulations

A detailed account of sulfonation procedures may be found in the chapter in this volume on S03 sulfonation technology. Recent accounts of commercial soap-MES formulations may be found in reports by J. C. Drozd and D. D. Desai [15] and by T. Satsuki [16]. 

Comparison of the proposed dynamic stability theory for the critical capillary pressure shows acceptable agreement to experimental data on 100-/im permeability sandpacks at reservoir rates and with a commercial a-olefin sulfonate surfactant. The importance of the conjoining/disjoining pressure isotherm and its implications on surfactant formulation (i.e., chemical structure, concentration, and physical properties) is discussed in terms of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory of classic colloid science. 

Although several different salts of ligno sulfonates are commercially available, the calcium and sodium derivatives are the most widely used in admixture formulation. The sodium salt tends to maintain its solubihty at... 

Impressive activity against mite larva and egg has been shown hv some of the aromatic esters of arylsullonic acids. Some of the commercial formulations in this category include CPCBS (Chlorofensoit, Fster Sulfonate. Ovcx. Ovolran) acuricide. 

Sulfonation and sulfation processes are utilized in the production of wateT-soluble anionic surfactants as principal ingredients in formulated light-duty and heavy-duty detergents, liquid hand cleansers, general household and personal care products, and dental care products. Other commercially significant product applications include emulsifiers, lube additives, sweeteners, pesticides, medicinals. ion-exchange resins, dyes and pigments. 

The subject of this study is a commercially formulated resin (Narmco Materials Division of Celanese Corp.) referred to as Resin 5208. May et. al. (21) have shown that the primary constituents of this resin are Ciba-Geigy Corporation s Araldite MY720, diami-nodiphenyl sulfone (DOS), and a glycidyl ether of a bisphenol A based novolac (Celanese SU-8). The principle component of MY720 is tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (T6MDA). 

Emulsion breakers are typically specific for site or crude-oil type. Conventional emulsion breakers are most commonly formulated from the following types of chemistries polyglycols and polyglycol esters, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated resins, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyhydric alcohols, and sulfonic acid salts. Commercial emulsion breakers may contain but one type of active ingredient or intermediate or a variety of intermediate types. 

Surfactants are widely used for a variety of reasons, including surface wetting agents, detergents, emulsifiers, lubricants, gasoline additives, and enhanced oil-recovery agents. The type of surfactants selected for a particular application often depends on the chemical and physical properties required and on economics or other considerations such as environmental concerns. To meet these requirements, a typical surfactant formulation may contain blends of a variety of commercial products, which could include ionic and nonionic ethoxylated surfactants, alkylsulfonates, and alkylaryl-sulfonates, and petroleum sulfonates. 

Many studies of these applications have been reported reflecting the importance of these compounds in the commercial realm. Among the recent examples of new molecules with hydrotropic action may be mentioned vitamin C [12], useful for sunscreen formulations [13,14], Other hydrotropes reported as new are diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonates [15], while the application of hydrotropes to solubilize pharmaceuticals continues to be extensive [16-24], Long-chain amphi-hiles [25] and polymers [26] have been shown to exert hydrotropic action under certain conditions. Among the most recent developments should be mentioned the alkyl polyglucosides as hydrotropes [27], They have been shown to be useful in strongly alkaline systems [28],... 

Optimum parameters for a successful accomplishment of the EOR process are defined in [239]. First, they can be realized in reservoirs consisting of sandstones, sands, carbonates or mixtures of these materials with a layer thickness of under 25 m and permeability of over 20 mD, containing crude oil with a viscosity of <60 mPa s. In this case, a formulation containing, along with alkali, 20 - 30 g/1 salts, ethoxysulphates and alkyl sulfonates, used for injection at a temperature below 80 °C. The authors are optimistic about the wide commercial use of EOR, since oil will remain the main energy source up to the second half of the 21 century. Surfactants can also be used to recover oil containing gas for the purpose of gas hydrate formation control [240]. 

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