Water dispersible granule formulations

Water-dispersible granule formulation is considered to be the first commercial formulation enabling storage of S. carpocapsae for 6 months at 25°C at a concentration of over 300,000 infective juveniles per gram (Grewal 2000). When stored at... 

This spring Elanco Products Company (a Division of Eli Lilly and Company) introduced a 60 /o dry flowable (or water dispersible granule) formulation of BALAN. BALAN is a preemergence, dinitroaniline herbicide used on peanuts and lettuce. BALAN Dry Flowable is an addition to formulations of BALAN which are produced and sold by Elanco. BALAN LC, a 1.5 Ib/gal emulsifiable concentrate which has been on the market for several years, is often tank mixed with several other agrichemicals. Therefore, it was critical to evaluate this new product form for tank mix performance with all agrichemicals with which it could be tank mixed. 

A water-dispersible granule formulation contains typically a toxicant (50%-95%, w/w), dispersant, binder, and diluent. This formulation, also known as dry flowable, is intended for application after disintegration and dispersion in water by conventional spraying equipment. WGs are easier to use than WPs, because they have low-dust properties (due to larger particles) and exhibit good flowability. 

Figure 8.6 Distributions of the margins of exposure for atrazine from herbicide handhng with water-dispersible-granule formulations for different-use populations in the USA...

Fignres 8.9 and 8.10 indicate the distributions of the MOEs in the atrazine handling population involved in com production and each of its subpopulations for the flowable and water-dispersible-granule formulations, respectively. 

Table 8.1 Margin-of-exposure assessment for US herbicide handlers using flowable or water-dispersible-granule formulations of atrazine or simazine and including drinking water and dietary exposures to atrazine and simazine combined ...

Utz, C.G., J.M. Sekmistrz, R.P. Hollis, Effects of nonionic surfactants on properties of water dispersible granule formulations, in RR. Hall, RD. Berger, and H.M. Collins (eds.). Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, STP 1234 ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1995, pp. 190-200. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

The distribution of body weights was assumed to be a normal distribution with mean 70 kg and a 20% coefficient of variation (i.e., a standard deviation equal to 14kg). The amount of exposure for a body part was a PHED-based distribution, depending on the body part and the type of user, as well as the type of herbicide formulation used. The herbicide formulations were granule (G) formulated with fertilizer and used by homeowners for residential lawn care flowable formulation (FF), which is among the formulations classified as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) in PHED and water-dispersible granule (WDG). 

Formulation is the form in which the pesticide is delivered to the pest. Some types of triazine formulations are flow-able formulation (FF), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and water-dispersible granule (WDG). 

Uses Thiram is a dimethyl dithiocarbamate compound and appears as a white to yellow crystalline powder with a characteristic odor. Thiram is used to prevent crop damage in the field and to protect harvested crops from deterioration in storage or transport. Thiram also is used as a seed protectant and to protect fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and turf crops from a variety of fungal diseases. In addition, it is used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents, and deer. Thiram is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, water suspension formulations, and in mixtures with other fungicides. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sunscreen, and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.17,50,52... 

WHO specifications for dry products intended for dispersion in water (e.g. wettable powders and water-dispersible granules) should ineor-porate a specification for wettability, to ensure rapid wetting. CIPAC method MT 53.3 (5) and the method given in the FAO Manual (4) (normally the formulation shall be wetted in 1 minute without swirling) should be used. 

There are six papers la this section. They deal with biological insecticide formulations (Ward), water dispersible granules (Wright and Ibrahim), analysis of formulations for quality control and identification of toxic contaminants (Plimmer), identification of surfactant metabolites (Stolzenberg et al.), electrostatic spraying (Law) and compatibility and tank-mix testing (Tarwater). 

Hovde, D. A. "Laboratory Development and Evaluation of Water Dispersible Granules" Pesticide Formulation and Application Systems, 3rd Conference STP 828, American Society of Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA. December, 1983. 

Figure 8.13 Distributions of the margins of exposure for atrazine herbicide handlers involved in corn production in the USA from their use of flowable formulations or water-dispersible granules and from their herbicide handling combined with both drinking water ingestion and dietary consumption FFs, flowable formulations WDGs, water-dispersible granules W, drinking water ingestion D, dietary consumption HH, herbicide handler...

J, M. Surgant and J. M. Deming, Formulation of Water-Dispersible Granules and Process for Preparation Thereof, United States Patent 4,936,901,1990. 

Several members of this group are formulated as dry flowables, flowables, water dispersible granules, and wettable powders. Improper application can cause moderate irritation of the eye, skin, nose, and respiratory tract. 

Sulfonylureas are generally formulated as wettable powders or water dispersible granules, and the compounds are readily absorbed by both the roots and foliage of plants. They are translocated by both the phloem and xylem. 

Mancozeb is available as dusts, liquids, water-dispersible granules, wettable powders, and as ready-to-use formulations. It is commonly found in combination with maneb and zineb. 

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