Combustion Residue Analysis

ASTM D-6414. Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues by Acid Extraction or Wet Oxidation/Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption. ASTM D-6722. Standard Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal and Coal Combustion Residues by Direct Combustion Analysis. 

Collection of samples and total residue analysis. Blood (10-15 mL) was collected by Jugular venipuncture into heparinized syringes at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hours after the 1st dose. Sub-samples of 200-300 mg were immediately weighed in triplicate for radiolabel quantitation by combustion analysis. The remainder of the sample was centrifuged for the separation of plasma, which was... 

Each animal was sacrificed by captive bolt after the appropriate withdrawal interval (4, 6, 14 and 28 days after the 2nd dose) and processed as in an abattoir. The entire liver, kidneys and udder were excised and 1-2 kg samples of muscle from both the flank and the udder diaphragm and 1-2 kg samples of fat from the abdominal area were collected. Each organ and tissue was minced and processed three times through a commercial meat grinder to prepare respective homogenate samples. Sub-samples (200-300 mg) were prepared in triplicate for total residue analysis. Total radioactivity concentrations, expressed as pirlimycin free base equivalents, were determined by direct liquid scintillation counting (liquids) or combustion analysis (solids) following standard techniques. 

Separation/concentration of flammable and combustible residues from fire debris samples by dynamic headspace ASTM E1413 analysis... 

A series of tests was therefore carried out including chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction of the combustion residues and metal structure microscopy of the floor liner. The corrosive thinning mechanism of the liner in the Monju accident and Sodium Leak Combustion Test-II were compared. An important aspect was the measurement of the moisture released from heated concrete, since the quantity of moisture determines the... 

The comprehensive flame retardation of polymer-clay nanocomposite materials was reported by Dr. Jeff Gilman and others at NIST [7]. They disclosed that both delaminated and intercalated nanoclays improve the flammability properties of polymer-layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites. In the study of the flame retardant effect of the nanodispersed clays, XRD and TEM analysis identified a nanoreinforced protective silicate/carbon-like high-performance char from the combustion residue that provided a physical mechanism of flammability control. The report also disclosed that The nanocomposite structure of the char appears to enhance the performance of the char layer. This char may act as an insulation and mass transport barrier showing the escape of the volatile products generated as the polymer decomposes. Cone calorimetry was used to study the flame retardation. The HRRs (heat release rates) of thermoplastic and thermoset polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are reduced by 40% to 60% in delaminated or intercalated nanocomposites containing a silicate mass fraction of only 2% to 6%. On the basis of their expertise and experience in plastic flammability, they concluded that polymer-clay nanocomposites are very promising new flame-retarding polymers. In addition, they predict that the addition... 

The XRD analysis of combustion residues from Mg/PTFE (32/68) under 2 MPa argon atmosphere displays only reflexes for Mgp2 but no crystalline carbon (Figure 15.3). The HRTEM analysis of the combustion residues reveals the presence of Mgp2 spheres (Figure 15.4a) and amorphous carbon (Figure. 15.4b). 

Determination of the combustion velocity as a function of the pressure, the measurement of the ignition delay, the study of the combustion of the propellant under laser radiation (for a stability analysis), the analysis of the combustion residuals. For applications where the engine will be subject to high acceleration, it will be necessary to analyze the eventual effects of the acceleration towards the combustion velocity. 

Chemical Analysis. The presence of siUcones in a sample can be ascertained quaUtatively by burning a small amount of the sample on the tip of a spatula. SiUcones bum with a characteristic sparkly flame and emit a white sooty smoke on combustion. A white ashen residue is often deposited as well. If this residue dissolves and becomes volatile when heated with hydrofluoric acid, it is most likely a siUceous residue (437). Quantitative measurement of total sihcon in a sample is often accompHshed indirectly, by converting the species to siUca or siUcate, followed by deterrnination of the heteropoly blue sihcomolybdate, which absorbs at 800 nm, using atomic spectroscopy or uv spectroscopy (438—443). Pyrolysis gc followed by mass spectroscopic detection of the pyrolysate is a particularly sensitive tool for identifying siUcones (442,443). This technique rehes on the pyrolytic conversion of siUcones to cycHcs, predominantly to [541-05-9] which is readily detected and quantified (eq. 37). 

After 5 h of time-on-stream the TS-1 catalyst showed a significant decrease in activity (Fig. 39.4), mainly related to the formation of heavy byproducts by PYC condensation on the surface [27,28]. The TG analysis carried out on the catalyst after the tests, showed the presence of two signals corresponding to a weight loss the first one, around 523 K, may refer to residual reagents and/or products adsorbed on the catalyst, while the second one at 743 K may be attributed to the combustion of heavy by-products deriving from PYC condensation, which is the main cause of deactivation. 

Haslam et al. [32] reported the determination of Al in polyolefins by AAS. Typical AAS tests on rubber compounds involve several steps. The sample is combusted, and the resulting ash is dissolved in distilled de-ionised water. The solution is then used for AAS [126]. AAS or EDS can also be used for element analysis of filler particles. In order to determine the uniformity of tin compounds in polychloroprene after milling and pressing, Hornsby et al. [127] have ashed various pieces from one composition. After fusion of the residue with sodium peroxide and dissolution in HC1, the Sn content was determined by means of AAS. Typical industrial AAS measurements concern the determination of Ca in Ca stearate, Zn in Zn stearate, Ca- and Zn stearate in PE, Ca and Ti in PE film or Al and V in rubbers. 

The assumption is made at present that elemental combustion analysis for carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine provides a good approximation to the extent of incorporation of fluoroalkyl residues, i.e. alcohols and ethers. We have ruled out trifluoromethylcarbonyl groups since no evidence is seen for their presence in either the infrared spectra or the 19F-NMR spectra. Thus, our values for percent modification reflect the best fit of the combustion data to an idealized stoichiometry for the product in Equation 1, where (m+n+o) = 100, and the percent modification (% mod.) is given by the expression [100 x (m+o)/(m+n+o)], equivalent to the number of fluoroalkyl residues per one hundred methylenes. An appropriately normalized formula was used to fit the data for polypropylene (sample 10). 

Because hazardous waste combustion units are a type of TSDF, they are subject to the general TSDF standards in addition to combustion unit performance standards and operating requirements. Combustion units are also subject to specific waste analysis, inspection and monitoring, and residue management requirements. 

The material balance is consistent with the results obtained by OSA (S2+S4 in g/100 g). For oil A, the coke zone is very narrow and the coke content is very low (Table III). On the contrary, for all the other oils, the coke content reaches higher values such as 4.3 g/ 100 g (oil B), 2.3 g/ioo g (oil C), 2.5 g/ioo g (oil D), 2.4/100 g (oil E). These organic residues have been studied by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis to compare their compositions. The areas of the bands characteristic of C-H bands (3000-2720 cm-1), C=C bands (1820-1500 cm j have been measured. Examples of results are given in Fig. 4 and 5 for oils A and B. An increase of the temperature in the porous medium induces a decrease in the atomic H/C ratio, which is always lower than 1.1, whatever the oil (Table III). Similar values have been obtained in pyrolysis studies (4) Simultaneously to the H/C ratio decrease, the bands characteristics of CH and CH- groups progressively disappear. The absorbance of the aromatic C-n bands also decreases. This reflects the transformation by pyrolysis of the heavy residue into an aromatic product which becomes more and more condensed. Depending on the oxygen consumption at the combustion front, the atomic 0/C ratio may be comprised between 0.1 and 0.3 ... 

Weliky et al. [154] described a procedure for the determination of both organic and inorganic carbon in a single sample of a marine deposit. Carbonate carbon is determined from the carbon dioxide evolved by treatment of the sample with phosphoric acid the residue is then treated with a concentrated solution of dichromate and sulfuric acid to release carbon dioxide from the organic matter. The carbon dioxide produced at the two stages of the analysis is estimated using a carb on analyser based on the thermal conductivity principle. In addition, total carbon content is determined on another subsample using the dry combustion furnace. This provides a check on the values determined by the phosphoric acid dichromate technique. 

Container of dicumyl peroxide powder breaks in feeder and contacts residual combustible solids or liquids No—feeder is enclosed and above ambient temperature R May ignite and bum rapidly in feeder however, analysis indicates feeder design will contain material and flame, and no significant undesired consequences are expected also, this material would not normally be put into incinerator... 

Method OP Neat n-dodecylphenyltellurium dibromide (0.53 g, 1.0 mmol) is heated at 230-250°C at 3 torr using a Kiigelrohr distillation apparatus. A colourless liquid distills which is identical to n-dodecyl bromide ( H NMR and GLC analysis) [0.25 g, (90%)]. (A red-brown residue seems to be mainly PhTeBr and on standing exposed to the ambient atmosphere solidifies to a grey solid PhTe(0)Br and the starting dibromide by IR and combustion analytical data.)... 

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