Phenolic materials, combustion properties

Table 11. Combustion properties of phenolic materials measured by bomb calorimetry (from ref [83]) ...

Chlorinated and brominated materials are burned or thermally treated in a variety of combustion sources including hazardous and municipal waste incinerators, industrial processes, backyard trash burning, and accidental fires. Chlorinated materials are used in a wide range of applications and brominated compounds are fire retardants used in many devices including electronic circuits. Although there has been some research on the reactions of CHCs and BHCs in the past 20 years, too little is known about their reactions considering the magnitude of the environmental impact. Elementary reaction studies of gas-phase reactions of Cj and C2, CHCs, and BHCs are needed to understand their most fundamental reaction properties. Reactions of the chlorinated and brominated benzenes and phenols are important intermediate steps in the formation of PCDD/F. Recent kinetic models indicate that the gas-phase reactions may be quite important and elementary gas-phase reaction studies have been overlooked by researchers. 

Often, there is a correlation between acidic/basic or red-ox properties of some solid material and its ability to adsorb or catalytically convert certain pollutant. For example, acidity of different zeolites and mesoporous materials is important for their ability to adsorb aldehydes and ketones (from the gas phase) or phenol and nicotine (from the aqueous phase) [40, 43]. Red-ox properties are often correlated with catalysts efficiency for example, red-ox features of ceria-based mixed oxides are of importance for their ability to catalyse direct conversion of methane to synthesis gas, and they can be affected by incorporation of Zr02 [44]. The oxidability of mixed oxides is an important feature, which determines the possibility of their use as catalysts for combustion reactions and it can be also determined using TPR-TPO techniques [45]. 

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