Natural gas transportation

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Hydrate experimental conditions have been defined in large part by the needs of the natural gas transportation industry, which in turn determined that experiments be done above the ice point. Below 273.15 K there is the danger of ice as a second solid phase (in addition to hydrate) to cause fouling of transmission or processing equipment. However, since the development of the statistical theory, there has been a need to fit the hydrate formation conditions of pure components below the ice point with the objective of predicting mixtures, as suggested in Chapter 5. 

Abstract This article discusses the Italian experience on natural gas transportation and... 

The system comprises also, reduction and mixing plants and other facilities necessary for the transport and dispatch of gas. In accordance with resolution number 120/01 ("Definition of criteria for the determination of rates for natural gas transport and dispatch and for the use of LNG terminals and the reservation of capacity"), the Snam Rete Gas system is divided into two parts National Gas Pipeline Network (7,896 km), and Regional Gas Pipeline Network (21,711 km) as shown on Figure 1. 

By the Ministerial Decree of 24th November 1984 "Fire-prevention Safety Standards for the transportation, distribution, storage and use of natural gas of a density no greater than 0.8 and subsequent modifications" the natural gas transportation and distribution pipelines are classified into 7 categories, on the basis of the different maximum operating pressures. 

Recent experiences with the new Norwegian regulatory regime for accessing the natural gas transportation system... 

Key words EU gas directive, Norwegian natural gas transportation systems, economic and legislative regulation, natural monopoly, tariff regulation, security of supply... 

There are many industries and markets however, which are not suited for full competition due to many reasons. One major reason in the context of natural gas transportation is that pipeline systems are considerable sunk costs . Sunk costs are investments characterized by being neither reversible nor convertible into alternative usage or business opportunities for the investor. 

Dahl, H. J. (2001), Norwegian Natural Gas Transportation Systems. Operations in a Liberalized European Gas Market, Doctoral dissertation, 001 04, ISBN 82-7984-198-9... 

Technological complexities of natural gas transportation over a long distance requires additional factors to be taken into account, from which the basic is the degree of its compression along the pipeline route causing a corresponding variability of density of the transported media. Therefore the reliability of gas mains in many ways depends on the functioning of the compressor stations. Even the most extreme situation arises when... 

Coconea G. (2000). Methane gas emissions from the Romanian natural gas transport system. Proceedings of the Second International Methane Mitigation Conference (June 18-23, 2000, Novosibirsk). Novosibirsk State University Publ., Novosibirsk, pp. 297-302. 

Because of its lower density, transportation of GH2 through pipelines requires more energy than does transportation of natural gas. Transportation of compressed GH2 by trucks is inefficient, because the trucks can hold only about 400 kg of H2. Therefore, a busy gas station could require 10-20 deliveries of GH2 each day, whereas if LH2 is used, a single delivery would suffice. 

The alternative for hydrogen transport over short or medium distances is pipelines, with the viable distances being determined by ease and cost of establishing pipelines, usually over land but conceivably also in some cases off-shore. Again, the technology is basically already developed for natural gas transport, and only modest alterations are believed to be required in order to contain the smaller hydrogen molecules with acceptable leakage rates. 

Gudmundsson, J. Borrehaug, A. Frozen hydrate for transport of natural gas. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates, Toulouse, France, June 2-6, Guillon, O., Ed. INP ENGISC, 1996 983-986. Takaoki, T. Iwasaki, T. Katoh, T. Takashi, A. Kiyoshi, H. Use of hydrate pellets for natural gas transportation. I. Advantage of pellet form of natural gas hydrate in sea transportation. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yokohama, Japan, May 17-20, 2002 406. 

Livestock > rice landfills = coal mining > biomass burning = natural gas transport and supply. 

The next example deals with an important application of EOS modelling, the calculation of a phase envelope of a natural gas mixture. Phase envelope is a thermodynamic tool intensively used in the exploration of oil and gas fields, as well as in designing pipelines for natural gas transportation. 

Energy Information Agency (EIA) (2005) Natural Gas Transportation Infrastructure, Washington, DC US Department of Energy. 

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