Caesar, Julius

Natural gas and its combustion properties appear to have been known since early times (2). Some early temples of worship were located in areas where gas was seeping from the ground or from springs, and it is reported that Julius Caesar saw a phenomenon called the "burning spring" near Grenoble, France. Gas wells were drilled in Japan as early as 615 AD and in 900 AD the Chinese employed bamboo tubes to transport natural gas to their salt works, where the heat was used to evaporate water from salt brine. The existence of natural gas in the United States was reported by early setders who observed gas seeps and columns of fire in the Ohio Valley and the Appalachian area in 1775 (3). 

Tin occurs mainly as cassiterite, Sn02, and this has been the only important source of the element from earliest times. Julius Caesar recorded the presence of tin in Britain, and Cornwall remained the predominant supplier for European needs until the present century (apart from a minor flourish from Bohemia between 1400 and 1550). Today (1990s) world production approaches 200 000 tonnes per annum (see next section), of which the UK contributes less than... 

Hamlet Julius Caesar King Henry IV, Part I King Lear Macbeth... 

Julius Caesar tells us All Gaul is divided into three parts . Separation methods can be divided into two categories equilibrium and... 

With a nagging sense of guilt, I wrote and distributed an apologetic letter to all the Department members, explaining my decision. Reading it over later reawakened my discomfort. I felt like Benedict Arnold. However, as Julius Caesar noted, once one crosses the Rubicon there is no turning back. 

William Shakespeare Brutus to Cassius in Julius Caesar... 

Julius Caesar Scaliger, 1484-1558. Italian physician, scholar, and poet. In 1557 he made a bnef allusion to a refractory metal which was probably platinum. His son Joseph Justus Scaliger was a famous philologist. 

Less than half a century after Balboa had stood silent on a peak in Darien, facing the unknown ocean, a famous Italian scholar and poet, Julius Caesar Scaliger, or della Scala, recorded the presence there of an unknown noble metal. In 1557 he made what is probably the first definite allusion to platinum. Girolamo Cardano (1501—1576), in his well-known work On Subtlety, had defined a metal as a substance which... 

THESIS Anthony s funeral oration in the play Julius Caesar shows several forms of emotional appeal. 

The following short passage from Julius Caesar, Act IV, Scene 3, is spoken by Brutus, when he realizes that he must face Mark Antony s army. It is an information-rich nonrandom arrangement of 125 letters of the English alphabet ... 

The first Roman Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar started in 60 B.C.E., but was the source of almost constant civil war. Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C.E., and the Second Triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian was formed (43-33 B.C.E.). Continued civil war led to the defeat of the combined forces of Cleopatra and Marc Antony in the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E. Soon after, in 30 B.C.E., Herod met Octavian in Rhodes, and stressed his integrity and loyalty. Octavian promised that Herod would rule "more securely than before" [Flavius Josephus, Wars of the Jews (War)1.391],... 

He doesn t. He collects antiquities—King Cheops s mummy or busts of Julius Caesar. Have you ever noticed how many famous Romans had no noses ... 

Figure 1 shows two cast asses (Janus on the obverses and a prow of a ship on the reverse of A-51 and three prows on the reverse of A-931). These coins are known to have been cast in a long row because junctions between coins are visible along the tops and bottoms of the coin obverses (see Figure 1). A-93 has many small bubbles on the surface this bubbling is typical of many cast coins. The two brass coins, A-130 (struck by Julius Caesar) and A-75, are shown in Figure 2.

Zinc was detected only at very low concentrations in most Republican coins. It was usually present as a trace impurity. However, two coins were deliberately made of brass the earlier one was made by Julius Caesar. These are the earliest known Roman coins made of brass (13). Brass was a new and rather expensive alloy because it was necessary to make it by diflusion of zinc vapor into copper. Zinc was not prepared in metallic form by the Romans or other ancient peoples because of its volatility. 

The as of Augustus and Julius Caesar (A-601) is an overstrike on a much older coin. The overstrike accounts for the presence of cobalt as well as other anomalies in the composition of this coin (e.g., relatively high nickel and antimony contents). 

Julius Caesar. By William Shakespeare. Perf. Royal Shakespeare Company. Booth Theater, New York. 13 Oct. 1982. 

The name and symbol come from Spanishplatina, meaning silver. Although this metal was used in pre-Columbian South America, it was identified by a European as a unique mineral in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). Platinum was described in 1745 by Antonio de Ulloa (1716-1795), but he was prevented from publishing until 1748. Charles Wood independently described the metal in 1741, but it was not identified as a new element until 1750, when it was studied by William Watson (1715-1787). Platinum is very rare and is extensively used as jewelry, but in recent years it has been increasingly used in the electronics industry and as a catalyst, both for scientific research and in commercial applications such as antipollution devices (catalytic converters) and hydrogen fuel cells. 

Chapter 2 by Giovanni Appendino provides a fascinating treatment of Taxine, a collective name referring to a mixture of diterpenoid alkaloids from the yew tree (genus Taxus). Taxine is responsible for the toxic properties of the yew tree that has been documented in historical and fictional literature, from Julius Caesar to Shakespeare, and from Agatha Christie to T. S. Eliot. The chapter treats the history, isolation techniques, structure elucidation, chemistry, and pharmacology of Taxine. 

Soap was first known to be used in 2500 B.C. at Mesopotamia. It was also written by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar that some tribes in ancient Egypt used soaps. 

The morality tale offers the widest possibilities for stories. Your story can be as simple as the tale of a property-tax collector and a property owner, or a script about the origins of war, such as Norman McLaren s great short film Neighbours. There are numerous collections of morality tales that can illustrate the form for you. Reading them will help you appreciate the shape of this particular form.2 Elizabethan drama, such as the plays Macbeth and Julius Caesar, is also a good source for morality tales. 

Accounts of the warnings posed by comets date back almost as far as recorded history. The ancient Chinese, for example, were convinced that the occurrence of a comet presaged the death of an emperor, the onset of war, or the spread of disease across the country. Historians reported at least 10 epidemics in China that they claimed were associated with the appearance of a comet. Such beliefs were hardly unique to the Chinese, however. Seven days after Julius Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 b.c.e., for example, a comet streaming across the skies convinced many Romans that their leader had gone directly to heaven, from which he was announcing his presence. At about the same time, a number of Roman writers discussed the warnings posed by comets. Both the poet Tibullus (ca. 54-19 b.c.e.) and the natural philosopher Pliny (23-79 c.e.) warned that comets foretold the outbreak of war or other civil unrest. Astronomers also believe that the star that foretold the birth of Jesus was also a comet. 

Cryptography goes many years back into history. Julius Caesar is known to be the first person that introduced the cryptography to communicate his orders with his commanders. Army commanders used their own cryptography to keep their war strategy and battle plans from enemies (in case the liaison officer is captured by the enemy) when they are conveyed by the messengers to their captains in the battlefields. For another example, professional baseball teams use cryptic hand signals between the catcher and the pitcher. 

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