Incineration, and combustion

Capp, B. and Seebold, J. 1991. Detonation Experiments m an 18-mch Pipe. Paper presented at the 1991 Annual AlChE Meeting session of Fundamental Chemical and Physical Processes m Combustion and Incineration 1. Los Angeles, CA, November 17-22. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY. 

Niessen, W.R., Combustion and Incineration Processes, 3rd ed., Niessen Consultants, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 2002, p. 696. 

Hexachloroethane may also be released to air during combustion and incineration of chlorinated wastes, from hazardous waste sites, and in small amounts during chlorination of sewage effluent prior to discharge and chlorination of raw water during drinking water treatment (Gordon et al. 1991 Howard 1989). 

Photochemical reactions can result in the formation as well as the degradation of PCDD/Fs. These reactions are carefully examined as most combustion and incineration sources produce emission directly into the atmosphere and they undergo long-distant transport. 

This method gives exact and concordant results, which are not obtained by direct incineration or other methods. Indeed, during direct combustion and incineration of the bread, reactions occur between the sodium chloride and the natural components of the bread which result in the evolution of hydrochloric acid and other secondary changes leading to marked alteration of the final results. 

Currently, CDDs are primarily released to the environment during combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and wood, and during incineration processes (municipal and medical solid waste and hazardous waste incineration). While incineration may be the primary current source of release of CDDs into the environment, the levels of CDDs produced by incineration are extremely low. CDDs are associated with ash generated in combustion and incineration processes. 

Combustion and Incineration Processes Applications in Environmental Engineering, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Walter R. Niessen... 

NATO, Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds Emissions of Dioxins and Related Compounds from Combustion and Incineration Sources, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society, Report 172, August 1988. 

Mono- to octaCN are present in the fly ash with di- to pentaCNs being most abundant. The lower chlorinated CNs (mono- and triCNs) dominate in the flue gas. The CN patterns in both fly ash and flue gas are very different compared to the pattern in commercial PCN products e.g., Halowax 1014, cf. Fig. 4. The formation of CNs has also been shown in several laboratory combustion and incineration experiments [230-233]. 

In an international effort, the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (Keene et al., 1999, and references therein) was compiled which includes chlorine emissions from the following four source-type classes (i) oceanic and terrestrial biogenic emissions (ii) sea salt aerosol production and dechlorination (iii) biomass burning and (iv) exclusively anthropogenic sources like industry, fossil fuel combustion, and incineration. They provide numbers from atmospheric burdens and fluxes for the individual species and sources. 

One of the most extensive fundamental information sources on combustion and incineration is the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combustion,... 

Aerosols are frequently multicomponent, that is, they are composed of many different chemical species. This is often the case for aerosols inadvertently generated in industrial processes such as coal combustion and incineration. The atmospheric aerosol (Chapter 13) is another example. Aerosols intentionally produced in industry are often muiticomponent as well. An example is the fabrication of optical fibers in which S1O3 aerosols produced by the burning of SiCl.j are doped with optically active agents such as GeO. ... 

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organic chemicals with main sources in the environment being the processes of combustion and incineration (WHO, 1993). The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), although banned internationally, can still be found in many environmental samples. Both classes of compounds are very persistent, tend to accumulate in the food chain and have negative effect on the human health (Cousins et al., 1998 Wade et al., 2002). For that reason many efforts have been made... 

It may be mixed with an excess of nonhalogenated solvent (combustible) and incinerated. Carbon tetrachloride wastes in laboratories may be disposed of in a landfill in lab packs. 

Chemical and physical degradation of rocks and soils, atmospheric deposition of nickel-containing particulates, and discharges of industrial and municipal wastes release nickel into ambient waters. Nickel enters natural waterways from wastewater because it is poorly removed by treatment processes. The main anthropogenic sources of nickel in water are primary nickel production, metallurgical processes, combustion and incineration of fossil fuels, and chemical and... 

Most PCB are believed to have dioxin-like toxicities, that is, coplanar PCB with four or more chlorines and with one or no substitution in the ortho position, generated and released by combustion and incineration processes when PCB is present. One should note that para or meta substitutions lead to highly toxic planar compounds [27]. 

Niessen WR (1995) Combustion and incineration processes applications in environmental engineering, 2nd edn. Marcel, New York... 

Combustion and Incineration Sources Dioxin-like compounds can be generated and released to the environment from various combustion processes when chlorine donor compounds are... 

The principal identified sources of environmental release of CDD s and CDFs may be grouped into four major types combustion and incineration sources chemical manufacturing/processing sources industrial/municipal processes and reservoir sources. PCBs were produced in relatively large quantities for use in such conunercial products as dielectrics, hydraulic fluids, plastics, and FRs. A similar situation exists for the commercially produced PBBs that are produced for a number of uses such as flame retardants. 

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