Biogenic emissions

Levine, J. S. (1994). Biomass burning and the production of greenhouse gases. In "Climate Biosphere Interaction Biogenic Emissions and Environmental Effects of Climate Change" (R. G. Zepp, ed.). John Wiley and Sons. 

Meeker, L. D., Mayewski, P. A., Twickler, M. S. et al. (1997). A 110000-year history of change in continental biogenic emissions and related atmospheric circulation inferred from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Ice Core. ). Geophys. Res. 102(C12), 26489-26504. 

Other sources of river sulfate Include natural biogenic emissions to atmosphere delivered to land in rain (3%), votanism (8%) and pyrite weathering (11 %). 

Simoneit BRT, Organic matter of the troposphere—V Appfication of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconcih-xtions, JAtmos Chem 8 251—275, 1989. 

Table 2.1 gives an estimate for global-scale natural and anthropogenic emissions of NOx as well as of CO, CH4, and VOC (Muller, 1992). It is seen that biomass burning and biogenic emissions of NO are comparable and together equal to about half of the anthropogenic emissions. 

FIGURE 2.4 (a) Pattern of 1987 annual emission flux of NO, in Asia (in units of millimoles as N per m2 per year) (from Akimoto and Narita, 1994). (b) Estimated relative rates of biogenic emissions of NO in the United States in 1990 (from EPA, 1995). 

The composition and sources of particles are discussed in detail in Chapter 9. Major natural sources of particles include terrestrial dust caused by winds, sea spray, biogenic emissions, volcanic eruptions, and wild-... 

Fall, R Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Higher Plants, in Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (C. N. Hewitt, Ed.), Chap. 2, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999. 

Figure 6.26 shows the structures of some oxygen-containing compounds for which there is evidence of direct biogenic emissions. (3Z)-Hexenol and (3Z)-... 

FIGURE 6.26 Structures of some oxygen-containing organics with biogenic emission sources. 

Ciccioli, P., C. Fabozzi, E. Brancaleoni, A. Cecinato, M. Frattoni, S. Cieslik, D. Kotzias, G. Seufert, P. Foster, and R. Steinbrecher, Biogenic Emission from the Mediterranean Pseudosteppe Ecosystem Present in Castelporziano, Atmos. Em-iron, 31, 167-175 (1997). 

Puxbaum, H., Biogenic Emissions of Alcohols, Ester, Ether, and Higher Aldehydes, in Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere (G. Helas, J. Slanina, and R. Steinbrecher, Eds.), pp. 79-99, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 1997. 

Particles collected in regions influenced by anthropogenic emissions and those in aged air masses where there has been ample opportunity for oxidation are even more complex than those in remote regions. Thus, they may contain not only the organics from biogenic emissions but also complex organics that either have been directly emitted from sources associated with human activities or have been formed in air from reactions of primary emissions. 

Simoneit, B. R. T., Organic Matter of the Troposphere—V Application of Molecular Marker Analysis to Biogenic Emissions into the Troposphere for Source Reconciliations, . /. Atmos. Chem., 8, 251-275 (1989). 

As discussed in Chapter 6.J.1, there are also biogenic emissions of multifunctional alcohols, which are treated in that section. 

The relative importance of biogenic emissions depends on the nature of the air mass into which they are... 

As expected, then, inclusion of biogenic emissions in models can have a significant effect under some conditions on the predicted effects of VOC versus NOx control. For example, Pierce et al. (1998) show that when increased isoprene emissions are included in the RADM model, ozone formation in many regions of eastern North America is predicted to be more sensitive to reductions in NOx rather than in VOC. 

For example, Taha (1996) suggests that increased urban vegetation with low organic emission rates may lead to a net decrease in 03 formation by lowering surface temperatures and biogenic emission rates as well as increasing dry deposition of pollutants. 

Chock, D. P G. Yarwood, A. M. Dunker, R. E. Morris, A. K. Pollack, and C. H. Schleyer, Sensitivity of Urban Airshed Model Results for Test Fuels to Uncertainties in Light-Duty Vehicle and Biogenic Emissions and Alternative Chemical Mechanisms. Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, Atmos. Environ., 29, 3067-3084 (1995). 

Simpson, D., Biogenic Emissions in Europe. 2 Implications for Ozone Control Strategies, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22891-22906... 

An alternative to the above described approaches is the radiocarbon method that allows a distinction of contemporary carbon (from biogenic emissions and combustion of biomass) and carbon from combustion of fossil fuels in particulate carbonaceous matter [15, 41,42]. In contrast to fossil fuels where the 14C isotope is completely depleted, CM emitted from WB shows a contemporary radiocarbon level. Radiocarbon measurements are often combined with measurements of complementary source specific tracers (macro-tracer) for additional information of source impacts [14, 43, 44]. 

Nat Air (2007) Improving and applying methods for the calculation of natural and biogenic emissions and assessment of impactsto the air quality. Final report of the FP6 project. Download from http //natair.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/NatAir Final Activity Report.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2012... 

Sturges WT, Cota GF (1995) Biogenic Emission of Organobromine Compounds to the Arctic Ocean and Atmosphere. In Grimvall A, de Leer EWB (eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 385... 

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