Cohort studies cancer

Schuurman, A.G., van den Brandt, P.A., and Dorant, E. 1999. Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk Results from the Netherlands cohort study. Cancer 86, 1019-1027. 

Mannisto S, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004 13 40-48. 

Ferrari M, Degrassi F, Forni A, Lamberti L, Lando C, Padovani P, Sbrana I, Vecchio D, Puntoni R. Are chromosome aberrations in circulating lymphocytes predictive of future cancer onset in humans Preliminary results of an Italian cohort study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet... 

M. Platek, V. Krogh, A. Micheli, R. Browne, E. Meneghini, S. Sieri, H. J. Schiinemann, V. Pala, M. Barba, G. E. Wilding, F. Berrino, and P. Muti, Serum fiuctosamine and subsequent breast cancer risk A nested case-control study in the ORDET prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14 (2005) 271-274. 

Le Marchand L., Wilkens L.R., Kolonel L.N., and Henderson B.E., 2005. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14 1198 1203. 

Le Marchand L., White, K.K., and Nomura, A.M., et al., 2009. Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 18 2195-2201. 

Zafarghandi, M.R., Soroush, M.R., Mahmoodi, M., et al., 2012. Incidence of cancer in Iranian sulfur mustard exposed veterans a long-term follow-up cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 24 (1), 99-105. 

When the data as a whole are reviewed for studies on humans exposed to ethylene oxide, no conclusion can be made that there is an increase in mortahty associated with those exposed to ethylene oxide. Two Swedish studies (247,248) indicated an increase in leukemia for workers exposed to multiple chemicals including ethylene oxide however, in a recent larger Swedish study (249) of workers exposed to only ethylene oxide, there was no association of any type of cancer increase for these workers. In a recent study sponsored by NIOSH, there was no significant increase in mortahty observed for cancer when all types are combined or for certain individual types of cancer, even for those people who worked the longest and were observed the longest. However, a statistically significant increase in mortahty from certain types of lymphoma was observed for male workers. This is contrary to the results observed for female workers. In addition, four other cohort studies of ethylene oxide-exposed workers have been pubhshed (250—253), but no unequivocal increase in the risk of cancer was observed. 

The benefit of a prospective cohort study is the possibility for accurate exposure assessment. However, these are not common, because many occupational diseases (including cancers which are being intensely investigated currently) require long exposure times to develop. It is not practical or ethical to wait for decades before one obtains the result. 

Several retrospective cohort studies of workers exposed to unquantified levels of trichloroethylene have been conducted. All of these studies have limitations that restrict their usefulness for evaluating the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. None has shown clear, unequivocal, evidence that trichloroethylene exposure is linked to increased cancer risk. 

In contrast, three European studies have found slight but statistically significant increases in cancer in workers exposed to trichloroethylene. A survey of Finnish workers exposed to primarily trichloroethylene found an association of limited statistical significance between exposure and incidence of stomach, liver, prostate, and lymphohematopoietic cancers (Antilla et al. 1995). However, the study did not reliably separate the effects of individual solvents, so attributing these cancers to trichloroethylene exposure alone was not possible. A significant association between workplace exposure to trichloroethylene and kidney cancer was found in a retrospective cohort study of German cardboard factory workers (Henschler et al. 1995). The... 

Axelson O, Andersson K, Hogstedt C, et al. 1978. A cohort study of trichloroethylene exposure and cancer mortality. J Occup Med 20 194-196. 

Axelson O, Selden A, Andersson K, et al. 1994. Updated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer risk. J Occup Med 36 556-562. 

GOLDBOHM R A, HERTOG M G L, BRANTS HAM, VAN POPPEL G and VAN DEN BRANDT P A (1996) Consumption of black tea and cancer risk a prospective cohort study , JNatl Cancer Inst, 88, 93-100. 

Data concerning gastric cancer are scarce. The prospective Netherlands Cohort Study found no correlation between lutein dietary intake and gastric cancer risk, whereas findings from the Physicians Health Study and the ATBC study reported no effect of P-carotene on gastric cancer incidence. Two case-control studies and three intervention trials (ATBC, CARET, and the Physicians Health Study ) showed no association of P-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and P-cryptoxanthin. 

Holick, C.N. et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 536, 2002. 

Zeegers, M.P. et al.. Are retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate and carotenoids intake associated with bladder cancer risk Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study, Br. J. Cancer, 85, 977, 2001. 

Other dietary factors implicated in prostate cancer include retinol, carotenoids, lycopene, and vitamin D consumption.5,6 Retinol, or vitamin A, intake, especially in men older than age 70, is correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas intake of its precursor, [3-carotene, has a protective or neutral effect. Lycopene, obtained primarily from tomatoes, decreases the risk of prostate cancer in small cohort studies. The antioxidant vitamin E also may decrease the risk of prostate cancer. Men who developed prostate cancer in one cohort study had lower levels of l,25(OH)2-vitamin D than matched controls, although a prospective study did not support this.2 Clearly, dietary risk factors require further evaluation, but because fat and vitamins are modifiable risk factors, dietary intervention may be promising in prostate cancer prevention. 

Petersen GR, Gilbert ES, Buchanan JA, et al. 1990. A case-cohort study of lung cancer, ionizing radiation, and tobacco smoking among males at the Hanford site. Health Phys 58(1) 3-11. 

Zheng, W., Tea consumption and cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women, Am J Epidemiol, 144, 175, 1996. 

Koushik, A., D. J. Hunter et al. (2006). Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer 119(9) 2148-2154. 

Population studies associate tomato consumption with reduced risk to prostate cancer. The most positive associations have come from cohort studies performed before the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screening era, and these studies have suggested that the tomato/lycopene effect was the strongest for clinically relevant prostate cancers (Giovannucci 2007). Small human studies have shown in vivo antioxidant effects for tomato products but evidence for lycopene alone is weak (Chen et al. 2001, Porrini and Riso 2000, Riso et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2006). Animal and tissue culture studies have been... 

However, some large cohort studies (Michels and others 2000 Voorips and others 2000) showed no appreciable association between fruit and vegetable intake and colon and rectal cancer. 

Botterweck AA, van den Brandt PA and Goldbohm RA. 1998. A prospective cohort study on vegetable and fruit consumption and stomach cancer risk in The Netherlands. Am J Epidemiol 148(9) 842-853. 

Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Shiaw-Shyuan Y, Adami HO, Beeson WL, Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willet WC, Wolk A and Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. 2001. Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer. A pooled analysis of cohort studies. J Am Med Assoc 285(6) 769-776. 

Stram DO, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Park S, Henderson BE, Nomura AM, Pike MC and Kolonel LN. 2006. Prostate cancer incidence and intake of fruits, vegetables and related micronutrients the multiethnic cohort study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17(9) 1193—1207. 

Voorips LE, Goldbohm RA, van Poppel G, Shumans F, Hermus RJ and van den Brandt PA. 2000. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 152 1081-1092. 

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