Serum beta-carotene

Holick, C.N. et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 536, 2002. 

Menkes MS, Comstock GW, Vulleumier JP, et al. Serum beta-carotene, vitamin A and E, selenium and die risk of lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1986 315 1250-1254. 

Erlinger, T.P., Guallar, E., Miller, III, E.R., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., and Appel, L.J., Relationship between systemic markers of inflammation and serum beta-carotene levels,. Arch. Intern. Med, 161, 1903,2001. 

Hu, R, Renben, D. B., Crimmins, E. M., Harris, T. B., Huang, M.-H., Seeman, T. E. (2004). The effects of serum beta-carotene concentration and burden of inflammation on all-cause mortality risk in high-fnnctioning older persons Mac Arthur studies of successful aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59, 849-854. Iwai, K., Nakaya, N., Kawasaki, Y., Matsue, H. (2002). Antioxidative functions of natto, a kind of fermented soybeans effect on LDL oxidation and lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 3597-3601. 

Katrangi N, Kaplan LA, Stein EA.. Separation and quantitation of serum beta-carotene and other carotenoids by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Lipid Res. 25 (4), 400-406, 1984. 

Willett, W. C., 1992, Serum beta-carotene A mechanism or yellow finger , Epidemiology 3 277-279. 

STAHL w, SCHWARZ w, SUNDQUIST A R and SIES H (1992) Cis-trans isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene in human serum and tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 294(1) 173-7. 

Mafila, N. et al.. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 56, 615, 2002. 

The stability of individual analytes within a matrix material is often quite variable. A good example is shown by NIST SRM 968b fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol in serum. The material must be shipped and stored at -8o°C. The SRM is certified for a range of vitamins, most of which are quite stable at -20°C, or even +4°C, but the beta-carotene and other components are not. It is therefore essential to ensure the material, if the carotene components are of interest, is shipped and stored correctly. 

Johnson, E. J. and E. Norkus (1995). Contribution of beta-carotene from beta-carotene enriched formulas to individual and total serum carotenoids in term infants. FASEB J. 9(4 Pt 3) 1869. 

High, E. G. and H. G. Day (1951). Effects of different amounts of lutein, squalene, phytol and related substances on the utilization of carotene and vitamin A for storage and growth in the rat. J. Nutr. 43 245-260. Johnson, E. J. et al. (1997). Beta-carotene isomers in human serum, breast milk and buccal mucosa cells after continuous oral doses of -trans and 9-cis beta-carotene. J. Nutr. 127(10) 1993-1999. 

Kostic, D. et al. (1995). Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 604—610. Kuo, S. M. et al. (2001). Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers inhibit ascorbic acid accumulation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Life Sci. 68(15) 1751-1760. 

Prince M. R. and Frisoli J. K. (1993). Beta-carotene accumulation in serum and skin. Am J Clin Nutr 57 175-181. 

Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Rautalahti M, Pietinen P and Heinonen OP. 1997. Effects of supplemental 3-carotene, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Clin Nutr 66 366—372. 

Madani G, MobarhanS, Ceccanti M, Ranaldi L and Gettner S. 1989. Beta-carotene serum response in young and elderly females. Eur J Clin Nutr 43 749-761. 

Wahlqvist, M., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., Macrae, F., Lambert, J., MacLennan, R., and Hsu-Hage, B. 1994. Changes in serum carotenoids in subjects with colorectal adenomas after 24 mo of beta-carotene supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 936-943. 

C32. Comstock, G. W., Alberg, A. J., and Helzlsouer, K. J., Reported effects of long-term freezer storage on concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol in serum or plasma summarized. Clin. Chem. 39, 1075-1078 (1993). 

A 66-year-old woman with a pigmentary retinopathy that had been treated for 30 years with antocyanosides combined with beta-carotene (total dose 165 g) developed anicteric cholestasis. Liver biopsy showed pronounced portal fibrosis with normal bile ducts and no evidence of portal inflammation. The usual causes of chronic hepatic diseases were excluded. The serum concentration of vitamin A was 0.43 (reference range 0.5-0.8) mg/ml. After withdrawal of beta-carotene and administration of ursodeoxychohc acid for 6 months the cholestasis resolved. 

Vitamin A is readily absorbed from the intestine as retinyl esters. Peak serum levels are reached 4 h after ingestion of a therapeutic dose. The vitamin is distributed to the general circulation via the lymph and thoracic ducts. Ninety percent of vitamin A is stored in the liver, from which it is mobilized as the free alcohol, retinol. Ninety-five percent is carried bound to plasma proteins, the retinol-binding protein. Vitamin A undergoes hepatic metabolism as a first-order process. Vitamin A is excreted via the feces and urine. Beta carotene is converted to retinol in the wall of the small intestine. Retinol can be converted into retinoic acid and excreted into the bile and feces. The elimination half-life is 9 h. 

T Hagiwara, T Yasuno, K Funayama, SJ Suzuki. Determination of lycopene, alpha-carotene and beta-carotene in serum by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring. J. Chromatogr B Biomed 708 67—73, 1998. 

Shekelle, R.B. et al.. Serum cholesterol, beta-carotene, and risk of lung cancer. Epidemiology, 3 (4), 282,1992. 

Kristenson, M., Kucinskiene, Z., Schafer-Ehnder, L., Leanderson, P, and Tagesson, C., The LiVicordia study lower serum levels of beta-carotene in Lithuanian men are accompanied by higher urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, Nutrition, 19,... 

Stahl, W., Schwarz, W., Sundquist, A.R., and Sies, H., cis-trans Isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene in human serum and tissues,Hrcfr Biochem. Biophys., 294,173-177,1992. 

Goodman, G.E. et al.. The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients results and lessons learned from beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol. BiomarkersPrev., 12, 518,2003. 

Jalal, F., Nesheim, M.C., Agus, Z., Sanjur, D., and Habicht, J.P. 1998. Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and antehelminthic drug treatment. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68, 623-629. 

Cornwell, D. G., Kruger, F. A., and Robinson, H. B. (1962). Studies on the absorption of beta-carotene and the distribution of total carotenoid in human serum lipoproteins after oral administration. J. Lipid Res. 3, 65-70. 

Manago, M., Tamai, H., C hara, T., and Mino, M. (19%). Distribution of drculating /3-carotene in human plasma lipoproteins. J. Nutr. ScL Vitaminol 38,405-414. Mathews-Roth, M. M., and Gulbrandsen, C. L. (1974). Transport of beta-carotene in serum of individuals with caroteneraia. Clin. Chem. 20,1578-1579. 

L. Berglund. 1999. Effect of long-term beta-carotene and vitamin A on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among participants in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). 143 427-434. 

---