Coal products, relation

Much of the literature published on minerals is based on high rank coals, but can be related to low rank coals (18). In general, the silicate minerals represent the major component of the minerals contained in coal. The most common analytical methods for mineral characterisation and analysis are listed in (19) and covered in detail in the "Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products" series (20). 

Temperature-programmed vacuum pyrolysis in combination with time-resolved soft ionization mass spectrometry allows principally to distinguish between two devolatilization steps of coal which are related to the mobile and non-mobile phase, respectively. The mass spectrometric detection of almost exclusively molecular ions of the thermally extracted or degraded coal products enables one to study the change of molecular weight distribution as a function of devolatilization temperature. Moreover, major coal components can be identified which are released at distinct temperature intervals. 

In ordar to determine the effect of coal rank (at established by reflectance measurement of vitrinite in coal) on the reactions of coal as related to carbonization, gasification, combustion, and other processes, a wide range of bituminous coals were studied. The results show that reflectance measurements can be used effectively (1) to determine accurately yields of coal carbonization products such as coke, tar, gas, light oil, and liquor from pilot and commercial coke oven (2) to obtain the heating value and specific gravity properties of gases from these processes (3) to determine the free swelling index and B.t.u. content of coals ... 

Clean Coal Derivatives Technologies Synthetic Fuels Related Technologies Nanocatalysts Reagents Chemicals, Ash Post-Combustion Coal Products Services Architectural Stone Siding Technology Licensing Alternative Energy... 

We need to set up a network or arrow diagram based on a Critical Path Analysis of all the factors and activities which relate to coal mining and determine in a quantitative way what is required and what specifically has to be done and by whom in order to achieve a coal production level of 1 billion tons per year. 

Blom L., Edelhausen L., and Van Krevelen D. W. (1957) Chemical structure and properties of coal XVII—Oxygen groups in coal and related products. Fuel 36, 135-153. 

The structure of chemical classes of soluble coal products produced at short contact times (1-5 min), at temperatures of 400°-425°C, and in the presence of an H-donor solvent relates to the elements of structure in the initial coal. Under these conditions only a few of the chemical bonds present in the coal molecule are actually broken. The fragments (elements of structure) that, linked by weaker bonds, constitute the larger coal molecule differ in molecular weight, functionality, and relative abundance, but the structures of their carbon skeletons are similar for a given coal. The carbon skeleton of a coal, and especially the aliphatic part, is used to distinguish among coals, even those of the same rank. The methodology employed in this work could be used for any coal. 

The tetrahydrofuran-soluble portion of the buytlated, C-labeled Illinois No. 6 coal (1.52 g) was chromatographed on silica gel (Baker, 60-200 mesh, 24 g) to remove materials such as the electron transfer agent and the related reduction and alkylation products. These materials were eluted with pure hexane (about 250 mL) and 5 95 tetrahydrofuranihexane (about 250 mL). The dried eluant weighed 0.997 g. The coal products then were eluted with pure tetrahydrofuran (about 250 mL), followed by 50 50 tetrahydrofuran methanol (about 250 mL) and pure methanol (about 250 mL). The dried eluant weighed 0.535 g. The recovery was virtually quantitative. 

As already mentioned, several investigators have pointed out that naphthalene or tetrahydrofuran may be incorporated into the coal product (9, 10, 11), In this work we found that chromatographic procedures could be used to separate unbound naphthalene and its reductive alkylation products from the coal alkylation products. The spectroscopic work indicates that the principal resonances of naphthalene and tetrahydrofuran are absent from the butylated coals. Moreover, the mass balance shows that no important quantity of naphthalene or tetrahydrofuran could be incorporated. We supplemented this negative evidence by a comparison of the reaction products obtained from the same coal in a reaction in liquid ammonia. In the most pertinent case the Illinois No. 6 coal was treated with potassium in liquid ammonia. The polyanion was alkylated with butyl iodide. The product distribution obtained by GPC and the spectroscopic properties of these fractions were very closely related to the properties of the reaction products obtained in the reaction with naphthalene in tetrahydrofuran. Recently Larsen and his group found that neither " C-labeled naphthalene nor tetrahydrofuran was incorporated in chemically significant amounts in the coal products separated from the reaction mixture by chromatography (12). 

GPC Elution Behavior for Aromatic Compound Types. To predict molecular weight and the chemical structure of fractions separated by GPC, we must understand the elution behavior for characteristic compound types. However, it was very difficult to gain information on these relations because of the limited studies on coal products. Dooley and co-workers (12, 13) extensively studied GPC mass correlations for petroleum heavy oil. 

A specific case is examined in Table II where the particle size distribution data from the low temperature ashing of a 5 cm cube of coal and 44-53 pm coal was related to two product coal samples milled under different conditions all of which originated from the same source coal (C). The first column in Table II provides the average particle diameter points (y) at which the data were observed... 

New and/or alternate approaches to studies of the structure and chemistry of coals and related materials will yield increased productivity and improved environments. In our small way this treatise is our current international effort to advance the technology we all need. 

The culture, formation and development of safety culture idea directly affect the process of safety production and relate the survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, in the process of coal production, to establish the safety concept is the first. Only the formation of safety concept correctly, can effectively promote the safety production of enterprises. 

A complete discussion of the large number of tests that are used for the evaluation of coal (and coal products) would fill a considerable volume, indeed several volumes (see, e.g., Ode, 1963 Karr, 1978,1979 Montgomery, 1978 Zimmerman, 1979 Gluskoter et al, 1981 Smith and Smoot, 1990 Speight, 2005). It does, however, seem appropriate that any text relating to the chemistry and technology of coal should present some indication of the methods available for the evaluation, and therefore, the scope of this chapter is limited to tests in common use. 

This chapter focuses on the enviromnental and human health issues related to coal production (mining) and coal utilization. Emphasis is placed on those issues that are related to the petrographic, chemical, and mineralogical composition of coal. 

In reality, however, CWS represents a family of fuels. They are variable based upon the sources of fine coal, the size fractions of the fine coal, the extent of coal processing, the density of the slurry, and related factors. If produced from coal pond fines these fuels can be high in ash and high in certain trace metals. In order to consider these opportunity fuels, this chapter first considers the basic published properties and then examines case studies of CWS production and utilization. Following the consideration of CWS, the chapter discusses analogous fuels and then the direct use of waste coal products in electricity generating stations. 

Montan Wax is derived from lignite which is vegetable matter partly mineralized to a product related to bituminous coal. The lignites from which the Montan Waxes are extracted are found chiefly in Central Europe and California. 

The term feedstock in this article refers not only to coal, but also to products and coproducts of coal conversion processes used to meet the raw material needs of the chemical industry. This definition distinguishes between use of coal-derived products for fuels and for chemicals, but this distinction is somewhat arbitrary because the products involved in fuel and chemical appHcations are often identical or related by simple transformations. For example, methanol has been widely promoted and used as a component of motor fuel, but it is also used heavily in the chemical industry. Frequendy, some or all of the chemical products of a coal conversion process are not isolated but used as process fuel. This practice is common in the many coke plants that are now burning coal tar and naphtha in the ovens. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties of waste as fuels are defined in accordance with the specific materials under consideration. The greatest degree of definition exists for wood and related biofuels. The least degree of definition exists for MSW, related RDF products, and the broad array of ha2ardous wastes. Table 3 compares the physical property data of some representative combustible wastes with the traditional fossil fuel bituminous coal. The soHd organic wastes typically have specific gravities or bulk densities much lower than those associated with coal and lignite. 

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