Group 16 Oxygen

The hydrophilic parts can contain oxygenated groups (glycol ether types) or amines. The first detergents used amine and phosphoric acid salts or... 

This principle is illustrated in Figure 10 (45). Water adsorption at low pressures is markedly reduced on a poly(vinyhdene chloride)-based activated carbon after removal of surface oxygenated groups by degassing at 1000°C. Following this treatment, water adsorption is dominated by capillary condensation in mesopores, and the si2e of the adsorption-desorption hysteresis loop increases, because the pore volume previously occupied by water at the lower pressures now remains empty until the water pressure reaches pressures 0.3 to 0.4 times the vapor pressure) at which capillary condensation can occur. 

Although the lUPAC has recommended the names tetrahydroborate, tetrahydroaluminate, etc, this nomenclature is not yet ia general use. Borohydrides. The alkaU metal borohydrides are the most important complex hydrides. They are ionic, white, crystalline, high melting soHds that are sensitive to moisture but not to oxygen. Group 13 (IIIA) and transition-metal borohydrides, on the other hand, are covalendy bonded and are either Hquids or sublimable soHds. The alkaline-earth borohydrides are iatermediate between these two extremes, and display some covalent character. 

The surface of carbonaceous materials contains numerous chemical complexes that are formed during the manufacturing step by oxidation or introduced during post-treatment. The surface complexes are typically chemisorbed oxygen groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, lactone, quinone, and phenol (see Fig. 3). 

A 1,2-shift has been observed in radicals bearing an OCOR group at the p-carbon where the oxygen group migrates as shown in the interconversion of 36 and 37. This has been proven by isotopic labeling experiments and other mechanistic explorations. A similar rearrangement was observed with phosphatoxy alkyl radicals such as 38. ... 

The thalleiochin reaction for the specific detection of quinine alkaloids carrying an oxygen group at C-6 of the quinoline nucleus (e. g. quinine and quinidine) [17], or the... 

ATR spectra show that oxygen groups are located at the surface to the depth of 0.6 /l m. Kinetic curves of carbonyl groups formation in different experimental conditions are shown in Fig.4. 

The carbonyl carbon can accept this electron pair because one pair of electrons of the carbon-oxygen group double bond can shift out to the oxygen. 

Hence, it is clear that the irreversible capacity is not directly related with the presence of surface oxygenated groups. In the conditions used for outgassing at 900°C, the number of active sites has not been modified [33], Therefore, taking into account that the irreversible capacity is almost the same for the experiments shown in Figures 2 and 3, it might mean that only the active sites are responsible of the electrolyte decomposition, and consequently of the SEI development. 

IC50 of 1.17 xM [42]. Unsubstituted /3-carbolin-l-one 47 showed no such activity, and 3-aryl /3-carbolin-l-ones substituted with oxygenated groups at positions 6 and 7 generally had greatly reduced activity. 

Pristine CNTs are chemically inert and metal nanoparticles cannot be attached [111]. Hence, research is focused on the functionalization of CNTs in order to incorporate oxygen groups on their surface that will increase their hydrophilicity and improve the catalyst support interaction (see Chapter 3) [111]. These experimental methods include impregnation [113,114], ultrasound [115], acid treatment (such as H2S04) [116— 119], polyol processing [120,121], ion-exchange [122,123] and electrochemical deposition [120,124,125]. Acid-functionalized CNTs provide better dispersion and distribution of the catalysts nanoparticles [117-120],... 

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